Hoʻākāka a ʻImi ʻia ʻo DNA

Anter

• E pili ana iā DNA
• DNA i ke olakino, maʻi, a me ka ʻelemakule
• ʻO kāu genome ākea
• Nā hōʻino a me nā hoʻololi ʻana o DNA
• DNA a me kaʻelemakule
• He aha ka DNA i hana ai?
• Pehea ke ʻano o ka DNA?
• He aha ka hana a DNA?
• Kōkua ʻo DNA i kou kino e ulu
• Pehea ʻoe e hele ai mai ka code DNA i kahi protein?
• Ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai ka DNA?
• Nā pūnaewele eukaryotic
• Nā hunaola Prokaryotic
• He aha ka hana ke kaʻawale kāu mau hunaola?
• Lawe aku

No ke aha he mea nui ka DNA? E waiho maʻalahi, aia i loko o DNA nā kuhikuhi e pono ai ke ola.

Hāʻawi ke code i loko o kā mākou DNA i nā kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā protein i mea nui no ko mākou ulu ʻana, hoʻomohala, a me ke olakino holoʻokoʻa.

E pili ana iā DNA

Kū ka DNA no ka deoxyribonucleic acid. Hana ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā palaka hale olaola i kapa ʻia he nucleotides.

ʻO ka DNA kahi mole mole nui loa no nā kānaka wale nō, akā no ka nui o nā meaola ʻē aʻe pū kekahi. Aia i loko o DNA kā mākou mea hoʻoilina a me kā mākou genes - ʻo ia ka mea e kū hoʻokahi ai mākou.

Akā he aha ka DNA maoli hana? E hoʻomau i ka heluhelu ʻana e ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano o DNA, he aha kāna hana, a no ke aha ia mea nui.

DNA i ke olakino, maʻi, a me ka ʻelemakule

ʻO kāu genome ākea

Kapa ʻia ka piha o kāu DNA i kou genome. Loaʻa iā ia he 3 biliona kumu, 20,000 genes, a me 23 pālua chromosome!

Loaʻa iā ʻoe ka hapalua o kāu DNA mai kou makuakāne a ʻo ka hapalua o kou makuahine. Hele mai kēia DNA mai ka sperm a me ka hua manu.

Hana maoli ʻo Genes i kāu genome - 1 wale nō pākēneka. Kōkua ka 99 pakeneka ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea e like me ka wā, pehea, a i ka nui o nā protein i hana ʻia.

Ke aʻo mau nei nā ʻepekema e pili ana i kēia DNA "non-coding".

Nā hōʻino a me nā hoʻololi ʻana o DNA

Kūpono ka code DNA i ka hōʻino. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua koho ʻia he ʻumi kaukani mau hanana hōʻino DNA e hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā i kēlā me kēia cell. Hiki ke hōʻino ma muli o nā mea e like me nā hewa i ka hoʻopili ʻana o DNA, nā radical free, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka radiation UV.

Akā mai makaʻu loa! Loaʻa i kāu mau hunaola nā protein i hiki ke ʻike a hoʻoponopono i nā hanana he nui o ka hōʻino ʻia o DNA. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelima mau ala hoʻomaikaʻi DNA nui.

Hoʻololi nā hoʻololi i ke kaʻina DNA. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mea maikaʻi ʻole i kekahi manawa. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i kahi loli i ka code DNA ke loaʻa i kahi hopena i lalo i ke ala i hana ʻia ai kahi protein.

Inā ʻaʻole holo pono ka protein, hiki i ka maʻi ke hopena. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana o nā maʻi e kū ana ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokahi aila pū kekahi me ka cystic fibrosis a me ka maʻi maʻi anemia.

Hiki i nā loli ke alakaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā hoʻohuli ʻia nā genes coding no nā protein i pili i ka ulu ʻana o ka cellular, ulu paha nā ʻāpana a hoʻokaʻawale i waho o ka kaohi. Hiki ke hoʻoilina ʻia kekahi mau hoʻololi ʻana i ke kanesa a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe ke loaʻa ma o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā carcinogens e like me UV radiation, chemicals, a i ʻole ka uahi paka.

Akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​hoʻololi āpau. Ke loaʻa nei iā mākou i nā manawa āpau. Kūpono ʻole kekahi ʻoiai hāʻawi kekahi i kā mākou ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he lāhui.

ʻO nā hoʻololi i kū ma mua o ka 1 pākēneka o ka heluna kanaka i kapa ʻia he polymorphism. ʻO nā laʻana o kekahi polymorphism he lauoho a me ke kala o ka maka.

DNA a me kaʻelemakule

Manaʻo ʻia he hiki i nā pōʻino DNA hoʻoponopono ʻole ke hōʻiliʻili i ko mākou mau makahiki, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻokele i ka hana ʻelemakule. He aha nā mea i hiki ke hoʻohuli i kēia?

ʻO kekahi mea e hoʻokau nui paha i ka hōʻino DNA e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule ka hōʻino ma muli o nā radical free. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa paha kēia ʻano hana o ka hōʻino e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka ʻelemakule. Pili pū kekahi mau kumu.

Hoʻokahi no ke kumu e hōʻiliʻili ai nā hōʻino DNA i ko mākou mau makahiki i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka evolution. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hōʻino ʻia o DNA ke hoʻoponopono pono hou ʻia i ka wā o ko mākou hānau keiki ʻana a loaʻa nā keiki. Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o kā mākou mau makahiki hānau kiʻekiʻe, hōʻole maoli ke kaʻina hana hou.

ʻO kekahi ʻāpana o DNA e pili ana i ka ʻelemakule telomeres. Telomeres nā kikoʻī o nā hana DNA repetitive i loaʻa ma nā wēlau o kāu chromosome. Kōkua lākou i ka pale ʻana iā DNA mai ka pohō, akā hoʻopōkole pū lākou me kēlā me kēia puni o ke kope ʻana o DNA.

Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka pōkole Telomere me ke kaʻina ʻelemakule. Ua ʻike ʻia nō kekahi mau ʻano nohona e like me ka momona, ka puhi ʻana i ka uahi paka, a me ke koʻikoʻi psychological hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻopōkole telomere.

Malia paha ke hana ʻana i nā koho nohona olakino e like me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaupaona olakino, ka mālama ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi, a me ka puhi ʻole ʻana i ka puhi telomere e hoʻopōkole ai? Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoihoi o kēia nīnau i ka poʻe noiʻi.

He aha ka DNA i hana ai?

Hana ʻia ka mole DNA i nā nucleotides. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia nucleotide ʻekolu mau ʻāpana like - kahi kō, kahi hui phosphate, a me kahi kumu nitrogen.

Kapa ʻia ke kō i loko o DNA ʻo 2ʻ-deoxyribose. ʻO kēia mau molakeke kō e kūlike me nā hui phosphate, e hana ana i ka "iwi ʻaoʻao" o ka pae DNA.

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kō i loko o ka nucleotide kahi kumu nitrogen i pili iā ia. ʻEhā mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā kumu nitrogen i loaʻa i DNA. Pākuʻi ʻia lākou:

• adenine (A)
• cytosine (C)
• guanine (G)
• thymine (T)

Pehea ke ʻano o ka DNA?

Hoʻokumu nā ʻāpana ʻelua o DNA i kahi hanana 3-D i kapa ʻia he helix pālua. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻano like ia me kahi alapiʻi i wili ʻia i loko o kahi spiral kahi o nā paepae kumu nā keiki a ʻo nā iwi kuamiku phosphate nā wāwae.

Hoʻohui ʻia, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he DNA ka DNA i loko o ka nucleus o nā hunaola eukaryotic, a ʻo ia hoʻi he manuahi nā wēlau o kēlā me kēia pae. I loko o kahi cell prokaryotic, hana ka DNA i kahi hanana pōʻai.

He aha ka hana a DNA?

Kōkua ʻo DNA i kou kino e ulu

Aia i loko o ka DNA nā ʻōlelo aʻo e pono ai no kahi meaola - ʻoe, he manu, a i ʻole mea kanu no ka laʻana - e ulu, ulu, a hoʻohua. Mālama ʻia kēia mau ʻōkuhi ma loko o ke kaʻina o nā paʻa kumu nucleotide.

Heluhelu kāu mau pūnaewele i kēia code ʻekolu mau kumu i ka manawa e hana i nā protein i kūpono no ka ulu a me ke ola. ʻO ke kaʻina DNA e waiho nei i ka ʻike e hana i kahi protein i kapa ʻia he ʻāpana.

Hoʻohālikelike kēlā me kēia hui o nā kumu ʻekolu i nā amino acid kikoʻī, ʻo ia nā mea kūkulu i nā protein. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā hui paʻa T-G-G e kuhikuhi i ka amino acid tryptophan ʻoiai ʻo nā paʻa paʻa G-G-C e kuhikuhi i ka glycine acid amino.

ʻO kekahi mau hui pū, e like me T-A-A, T-A-G, a me T-G-A, e hōʻike pū ana hoʻi i ka hopena o ke kaʻina protein. ʻLelo kēia i ka cell ʻaʻole e hoʻohui hou aku i nā amino acid i ka protein.

Hana ʻia nā protein i loko o nā hui like ʻole o nā amino acid. Ke hoʻonohonoho pū ʻia i ke kaʻina pololei, he hanana kū hoʻokahi ko kēlā me kēia protein a me ka hana ma waena o kou kino.

Pehea ʻoe e hele ai mai ka code DNA i kahi protein?

I kēia manawa, ua aʻo mākou aia i loko o ka DNA kahi code e hāʻawi i ka ʻike o ka pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā protein. Akā he aha ka hana ma waena? Ma ka maʻalahi, hana ʻia kēia ma o kahi kaʻina ʻelua ʻelua.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pae DNA ʻelua. A laila, heluhelu nā proteins kūikawā i loko o ka nukelona i nā paʻa o ke kumu ma kahi pae DNA e hana i kahi mole moleka waena.

Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana transcription a kapa ʻia ka mole i kapa ʻia he messenger RNA (mRNA). ʻO mRNA kekahi ʻano o nā waikawa nukelika a hana pololei ia i ka mea a kona inoa e hōʻike nei. Hele ia i waho o ka nucleus, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he leka i nā mīkini kelepona e kūkulu i nā protein.

I ka lua o ka hana, ua heluhelu nā ʻāpana kūikawā o ka pūnaewele i ka leka a ka mRNA ʻekolu mau hui paʻa i ka manawa hoʻokahi a hana e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi protein, amino acid e ka amino acid. Kapa ʻia kēia hana he unuhi.

Ma hea kahi e loaʻa ai ka DNA?

Hiki i ka pane i kēia nīnau ke hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o nā meaola āu e kamaʻilio nei. ʻElua ʻano o ke koloka - eukaryotic a me prokaryotic.

No ka poʻe, aia ka DNA i loko o kā mākou keena.

Nā pūnaewele eukaryotic

Loaʻa i nā kānaka a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe nā hunaola eukaryotic. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ko lākou mau pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka nukle i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka membrane a me kekahi mau hale ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka membrane i kapa ʻia he organelles.

I loko o kahi eukaryotic cell, aia ʻo DNA ma loko o ka nucleus. ʻIke ʻia kahi liʻiliʻi o DNA i nā organelles i kapa ʻia ʻo mitochondria, ʻo ia nā powerhouse o ka pūnaewele.

Ma muli o ka palena o ka hakahaka i loko o ka nucleus, pono e ʻākoʻako paʻa ʻia ka DNA. Aia kekahi mau pae ʻokoʻa o ka wahī, akā ʻo nā huahana hope loa nā kūkulu a mākou e kapa ai he chromosome.

Nā hunaola Prokaryotic

ʻO nā meaola e like me nā bacteria he prokaryotic cells. ʻAʻohe o kēia mau hunaola kahi nukelea a i ʻole organelles. I nā pūnaewele prokaryotic, ʻike paʻa ʻia ʻo DNA i loko o ka waena o ka pūnaewele.

He aha ka hana ke kaʻawale kāu mau hunaola?

Māhele nā ​​hunaola o kou kino ma ke ʻano he mahele maʻamau o ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana. Ke kū kēia, pono i kēlā me kēia cell hou ke kope piha o DNA.

I mea e hoʻokō ai i kēia, pono i kāu DNA e hana i kahi hana i kapa ʻia replication. Ke hiki mai kēia, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pae DNA ʻelua. A laila, hoʻohana nā proteins cellular loea i kēlā me kēia strand ma ke ʻano he anakuhi e hana i kahi pae DNA hou.

Ke pau ka kope ʻana, aia ʻelua mau mole DNA i pālua ʻia. E hele ana kahi hoʻonohonoho i kēlā me kēia cell hou ke pau ka mahele.

Lawe aku

He mea nui ka DNA i kā mākou ulu ʻana, hana hou ʻana, a me ke olakino. Aia i loko o laila nā ʻōlelo aʻo e pono ai no kāu mau hunaola e hana i nā polokina e hoʻopili ai i nā kaʻina hana a me nā hana i loko o kou kino.

Ma muli o ka waiwai nui o ka DNA, hiki i ka hōʻino a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana ke kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i hiki i nā hoʻololi ke kōkua a kōkua i kā mākou ʻokoʻa pū kekahi.