ʻO Tetrachromacy ('Super Vision')

Anter

• ʻO Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy
• Nā kumu o ka tetrachromacy
• Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e kuhikuhi i ka tetrachromacy
• ʻO Tetrachromacy i ka nūhou

He aha ka tetrachromacy?

Ua lohe paha e pili ana i nā koʻokoʻo a me nā cones mai kahi papa ʻepekema ai ʻole kāu kauka kauka? ʻO lākou nā mea i loko o kou mau maka e kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka māmā a me nā kala. Aia lākou i loko o ka retina. ʻO ia kahi papa o nā mea lahilahi ma ka hope o kāu ʻōpeʻapeʻa kokoke i kou nerve optic.

ʻO nā koʻokoʻo a me nā cones he mea nui i ka maka. ʻIke ke koʻokoʻo i ka mālamalama a he mea nui ia no ka ʻae ʻana iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka pouli. Nā Cones ke kuleana no ka ʻae ʻana iā ʻoe e ʻike i nā kala.

ʻO ka hapa nui o ka poʻe, a me nā primata ʻē aʻe e like me nā gorila, ʻalani, a me nā chimpanzees a ʻo kekahi hoʻi, ʻike wale i ke kala ma o ʻekolu mau ʻano ʻone. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻōnaehana hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ma ke ʻano he trichromacy ("ʻekolu mau kala").

Akā aia kekahi mau hōʻike e loaʻa i kekahi poʻe i ʻehā mau ʻokoʻa ʻike kuʻina kala. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻo ke tetrachromacy.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Tetrachromacy he mea laha ʻole i waena o nā kānaka. Hōʻike ka noiʻi he mea maʻamau ia i nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Ke hōʻike nei kahi noi 2010 e kokoke ana i ka 12 pākēneka o nā wahine i loaʻa i kēia kahe o ka ʻike kala ʻehā.

ʻAʻole nā ​​kāne ke tetrachromats. ʻOi aku ka makapō o nā kāne a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike i nā kala e like me nā wahine. Loaʻa kēia i nā mea maʻamau i hoʻoili ʻia i kā lākou cone.

E aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o tetrachromacy e kūʻē i ka ʻike trichromatic maʻamau, ke kumu o ka tetrachromacy, a pehea e ʻike ai inā loaʻa iā ʻoe.

ʻO Tetrachromacy vs. trichromacy

ʻEkolu mau ʻano cone o ke kanaka maʻamau ma kahi o ka retina e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike i nā kala like ʻole ma ka pae.

• nalu pōkole (S): maʻalahi i nā kala me nā nalu lōʻihi, e like me ka poni a me ka polū
• konikona waena (M): ikepili koʻikoʻi i nā kala me nā hawewe nalu, e like me ka melemele a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo
• ʻekahi loloa loloa (L): maʻalahi i nā kala me nā nalu lōʻihi, e like me ka ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻalani

ʻIke ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o ka trichromacy. Hāʻawi nā Photopigments i kēia ʻano ʻekolu mau cone i kou hiki ke ʻike i ka laulā piha o ke kala.

Hana ʻia nā photopigments i kahi protein i kapa ʻia ʻo opsin a me kahi mole i maʻalahi i ka mālam. ʻIke ʻia kēia mole ma ke ʻano he 11-cis retinal. Hana nā ʻano like ʻole o nā photopigments i kekahi mau nalu kala e nānā lākou. Loaʻa kēia i kou hiki ke ʻike i kēlā mau kala.

Loaʻa i nā Tetrachromats kahi ʻano o ka cone ʻehā e hōʻike ana i kahi photopigment e ʻae i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kala hou aʻe ʻaʻole ma ka pae ʻike ʻike ʻia. ʻOi aku ka kaulana o ke ʻano o ka ROY G. BIV (Red, ʻlaulā, Yellow, ʻO Green, ʻO Blue, ʻO waundigo, a Violet).

ʻO ka noho ʻana o kēia photopigment keu e ʻae i kahi tetrachromat e ʻike i ke kikoʻī a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano i loko o ka pae i ʻike ʻia. Kapa ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo o ke tetrachromacy.

ʻOiai ʻike ʻo trichromats ma kahi o 1 miliona mau kala, hiki i nā tetrachromats ke ʻike i kahi nani he 100 miliona mau kala, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Jay Neitz, PhD, he loea ophthalmology ma ke Kulanui o Wakinekona, ka mea i aʻo nui i ka ʻike kala.

Nā kumu o ka tetrachromacy

Eia pehea e hana maʻamau ai kāu ʻike kala:

1. Mālamalama ka retina mai kāu haumāna. ʻO kēia ka wehe i mua o kou maka.
2. Hele ka mālam a me ke kala i nā aniani o kou maka a lilo i ʻāpana o kahi kiʻi kia.
3. Hoʻohuli ʻo Cones i ka ʻikepili a me ke kala i ʻekolu mau hōʻailona ʻokoʻa: ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka polū.
4. Hoʻouna ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona ʻekolu i ka lolo a hana ʻia i loko o kahi ʻike noʻonoʻo i kāu e ʻike nei.

He ʻekolu mau ʻano kone e hiki i ke kanaka maʻamau ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻikepili i nā ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me nā polū. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona i ka lolo i loko o kahi memo ʻike āpau.

Loaʻa i nā Tetrachromats kekahi ʻano keʻe o ke konona e ʻae iā lākou e ʻike i ka hā o ka dimensionality o nā kala. Nā hualoaʻa mai ka mutation mutation. A aia nō he kumu genetiko maikaʻi ke kumu e ʻoi aku ai ka nui o nā tetrachromats i wahine. Hoʻoholo wale ʻia ka hoʻololi tetrachromacy ma o ka X chromosome.

Loaʻa i nā wahine ʻelua mau chromosome X, hoʻokahi mai ko lākou makuahine (XX) a hoʻokahi mai ko lākou makuakāne (XY). E hoʻoili paha lākou i ka hoʻololi gen pono e pono ai mai nā chromosome X ʻelua. Loaʻa i nā kāne hoʻokahi X chromosome. ʻO ka hopena o kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana i ka trichromacy anomal a i ʻole ka makapō ʻana o ke kala. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o kā lākou M a L paha ʻole ʻike i nā kala kūpono.

ʻO kahi makuahine a kaikamahine paha a kekahi mea me ka tricromacy anomalie paha he tetrachromat. Hiki i kekahi o kāna X chromosome ke hāpai i nā genes M a me L maʻamau. Hāpai kekahi i nā genes L maʻamau a me ka gen L mutated i hele i waena o kahi makuakāne a keiki kāne paha me ka trichromacy anomal.

Hoʻokele ʻia kekahi o kēia mau chromosome X ʻelua no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hunaola cone i ka retina. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka retina e hoʻomohala i ʻehā mau ʻano o nā cones cell no ka ʻano o nā genes X like ʻole i hoʻoili ʻia mai ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne.

ʻO kekahi ʻano, e like me nā kānaka, ʻaʻole pono ka tetrachromacy no kekahi kumu hoʻomohala. Ua aneane nalowale lākou i ka hiki. I kekahi mau laha, pili ka tetrachromacy i ke ola.

Pono kekahi mau ʻano manu, e like me ka, tetrachromacy e ʻike i ka meaʻai a koho paha i kahi hoa. A ʻo ka pilina pollination pili ma waena o kekahi mau pepeke a me nā pua ka mea i ulu nā mea kanu. ʻO kēia, ua hoʻohuli i nā pepeke e ulu e ʻike i kēia mau kala. ʻO kēlā ala, ʻike maopopo lākou i nā mea kanu e koho ai no ka pollination.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e kuhikuhi i ka tetrachromacy

He mea paʻakikī paha ke ʻike inā he tetrachromat ʻoe inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i hoʻāʻo. E lawe wale paha ʻoe i kou hiki ke ʻike i nā kala keu no ka mea ʻaʻohe ou ʻōnaehana ʻike ʻē aʻe e hoʻohālikelike ai i kāu.

ʻO ke ala mua e ʻike ai i kāu kūlana ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe. Hiki i kahi ʻike piha o kāu genome pilikino ke loaʻa nā mutation ma kāu mau genes i hopena paha i kāu ʻehā o nā cones. Hiki i kahi hoʻokolohua kūlohelohe o kou mau mākua ke ʻimi i nā genes mutated i hoʻoili ʻia iā ʻoe.

Akā pehea ʻoe e ʻike ai inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kala keu mai kēlā cone keu?

Ma laila kahi e hiki ai i ka noiʻi. Nui a hewahewa nā ala e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke ʻike inā he tetrachromat ʻoe.

ʻO ka hōʻoia hoʻohālikelike kala ke hōʻoia nui loa no ka tetrachromacy. Pēlā ia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o kahi noiʻi noiʻi:

1. Hōʻike nā kānaka noiʻi i nā mea hoʻopaʻa haʻawina me kahi o nā hoʻohuihui ʻelua o nā kala e like like me nā trichromats akā ʻokoʻa i nā tetrachromats.
2. Heluhelu ka poʻe komo mai 1 a 10 i ke ʻano like o kēia mau huikau i kekahi.
3. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā mea komo i nā ʻāpana like o nā hoʻohuihui waihoʻoluʻu i kahi manawa ʻokoʻa, me ka ʻole o ka haʻi ʻia ʻana he hui like lākou, e ʻike ai inā loli a paʻa paha kā lākou pane.

E helu ana nā tetrachromats maoli i kēia mau kala i ke ala like i kēlā me kēia manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā lākou ke ʻokoʻa maoli i waena o nā kala i hōʻike ʻia i nā pālua ʻelua.

Hiki i nā Trichromats ke helu i nā hui like kala like ʻole i nā manawa like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ke koho wale nei lākou i nā helu kaulele.

E hoʻomaopopo he pono e hoʻokokoke i nā hoʻokolohua pūnaewele e koi ana e ʻike i ka tetrachromacy me ka skepticism loa. Wahi a nā kānaka noiʻi o ke Kulanui o Newcastle, ʻo nā palena o ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kala ma nā pale kamepiula e hiki ʻole ai ka hoʻāʻo pūnaewele ʻana.

ʻO Tetrachromacy i ka nūhou

Kākaʻikahi ka Tetrachromats, akā hana lākou i kekahi nalu nui i kekahi manawa.

ʻO kahi kumuhana i ka 2010 Journal of Vision study, ʻike wale ʻia ʻo cDa29, he hihi tetrachromatic maikaʻi loa. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hana hewa i kāna hōʻike kala like ʻana, a he wikiwiki loa kāna pane.

ʻO ia ke kanaka mua i hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema e loaʻa i ka tetrachromacy. Ma hope mai ua kiʻi ʻia kāna moʻolelo e nā nūhou ʻepekema lehulehu, e like me Discover magazine.

Ma 2014, ka mea pena a me ka tetrachromat Concetta Antico i kaʻana i kāna hana noʻeau a me kāna mau ʻike me ka British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). I kāna mau huaʻōlelo ponoʻī, ʻae ʻo tetrachromacy iā ia e ʻike, no ka laʻana, "hina hina ... [ma ke ʻano ʻalani, ʻomaʻomaʻo, greens, blues, a me pinks."

ʻOiai he lahilahi kou manawa ponoʻī e lilo i tetrachromat, hōʻike kēia mau moʻolelo i ka nui o ka hoʻomau ʻana o kēia rarity i ka poʻe o mākou e loaʻa nei ka ʻike ʻekolu-cone maʻamau.