4 mau pilikia huna o ka puaʻa

Anter

• 1. Hepatitis E.
• 2. Sclerosis maha
• 3. Ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate a me Cirrhosis
• 4. Yersinia
• I ka Hopena
• 4. Yersinia
• I ka Hopena

Ma waena o nā meaʻai e hoʻoulu ai i kahi ʻano hoʻomana like, alakaʻi pinepine ka puaʻa i ka pūʻolo, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e 65% o ʻAmelika e makemake e kapa i ka bacon i ka meaʻai a ka ʻāina.

Minamina, hele mai kēlā kaulana i kahi kumukūʻai. Me ka ʻai i hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ma ka honua, ʻo ka puaʻa paha kekahi o nā mea weliweli loa, e hāpai ana i nā mea nui a kūkākūkā ʻole ʻia e ʻike ʻia e kekahi mea kūʻai (1).

1. Hepatitis E.

Mahalo i ke ala hou ʻana o ka ʻai ʻana o ka ihu-i-ka huelo, ua hoʻōla ka offal iā ia iho i waena o nā mea aloha olakino, ʻoi aku ka ate, i mahalo ʻia no kāna mea huaʻai A a me ka laina mineral nui.

Akā i ka wā e pili ana i ka puaʻa, pilikia paha ka ate.

I nā lāhui i hoʻomohala ʻia, ʻo ka ake puaʻa ka mea lawe i hoʻomoe ʻia o ka hepatitis E, he maʻi hoʻomaʻemaʻe i 20 miliona mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi nui (fever, tired, jaundice, vomiting, joint pain and ʻōpū pain), hoʻonui ʻia ke ake. a i kekahi manawa hāʻule ka ate a me ka make (,).

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā maʻi hepatitis E ʻaihue ʻaihue-ʻaʻohe hōʻailona, ​​akā hiki i nā wahine hāpai ke ʻike i nā hopena kolohe i ka maʻi, e like me ka hepatitis fulminant (ka hōʻeha o ke ake wikiwiki) a me kahi makaʻu nui o ka make ʻana o ka makuahine a me ka fetal (). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā makuahine i loaʻa i nā maʻi i loko o kā lākou ʻekolu trimester alo i ka make ma 25% ().

I nā hihia maʻamau, hiki i ka maʻi hepatitis E ke alakaʻi i ka myocarditis (kahi maʻi puʻuwai hoʻoweliweli), pancreatitis huehue (hōʻeha ʻeha o ka pancreas), nā pilikia neurological (me Guillain-Barré syndrome a me neuralgic amyotrophy), nā maʻi o ke koko a me nā pilikia musculoskeletal, e like me ke kiʻekiʻe. hana i ka phosphokinase, e hōʻike ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o nā mākala, a me ka ʻeha puʻupuʻu nui (i ke ʻano o polyarthralgia) (6,,).

ʻO ka poʻe me nā ʻōnaehana pale pale i hoʻopilikia ʻia, e like me nā mea e loaʻa ana i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi ma luna o ka lāʻau immunosuppressive a me ka poʻe me ka maʻi HIV, e ʻehaʻeha paha i kēia mau maʻi hepatitis E koʻikoʻi ().

No laila, pehea wale ka pīhoihoi o nā stats haumia o ka puaʻa? Ma ʻAmelika, ma kahi o 1 o kēlā me kēia 10 kūʻai ʻia nā ʻio puaʻa i kūʻai maikaʻi ʻia no ka hepatitis E, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka helu 1 i ka 15 ma Netherlands a me ka helu 1 ma 20 ma Czech Republic (,). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma Kelemania ma kahi o 1 o 5 mau sausages puaʻa i hoʻohaumia ʻia ().

Palani kuʻuna figatellu, kahi puaʻa ate akepaʻa e hoʻopau pinepine ʻia, he mea hōʻoia he hepatitis E i lawe ʻia (). I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i nā wahi o Palani kahi mea ʻai maʻamau ka puaʻa maka a kākaʻikahi paha, ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka e hōʻike nei i ka maʻi hepitis E ().

Ke kū nei hoʻi ʻo Iapana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka hopohopo e ka hopohopo e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka puaʻa i ke kaulana (). A ma UK? Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Hepatitis E i nā sausages puaʻa, i ka ate puaʻa a ma nā hale puaʻa puaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki no ka hoʻolaha ākea ma waena o nā mea kūʻai puaʻa ().

Hoʻowalewale paha ia e hoʻopiʻi i ka maʻi ahulau hepatitis E ma nā hana mahiʻai pāʻoihana, akā i ka hihia o ka puaʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo Wil i manaʻo ʻoi aku ka palekana. ʻO nā boars hoʻi ʻo Hunted ka mea lawe pinepine i ka maʻi hepatita E, hiki ke hoʻoili i ka maʻi i nā kānaka ʻai pāʻani (,).

Kaawale mai ka nui o ka abstinence puaʻa, ke ala ʻoi loa e hōʻoki ai i ka maʻi hepitis E i ka lumi kuke. Hiki i kēia mea hoʻomaʻi paʻakikī ke ola i nā mahana o kaʻiʻo i kālua ʻole ʻia, e hana ana i ka wela wela i mea kaua maikaʻi loa e kūʻē i ka maʻi. No ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka virus, ke kuke ʻana i nā huahana puaʻa no 20 mau minuke i kahi mahana o 71 ° C (160 ° F) e hana nei i ka hana maʻalea (20).

Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka momona ke pale aku i nā maʻi hepatitis mai ka luku ʻana i ka wela, no laila pono i nā ʻoki momona o ka puaʻa i ka manawa keu a i ʻole nā ​​mahana mahana.

ʻO nā huahana puaʻa, a ʻo ke akepaʻa hoʻi, halihali pinepine i ka hepatitis E, i hiki ke hōʻeha i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi a me ka make i nā lāhui nawaliwali. Pono pono ka kuke kuke e hoʻopau i ka maʻi.

2. Sclerosis maha

ʻO kekahi o nā pilikia kamahaʻo loa e pili ana i ka puaʻa - hoʻokahi i loaʻa i ka manawa liʻiliʻi o ka manawa - he sclerosis maha (MS), kahi ʻano autoimmune weliweli e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana nīnūnē.

ʻO ka loulou ikaika ma waena o ka puaʻa a me MS i ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi mai ka makahiki 1980, i ka wā i kālailai ai ka poʻe noiʻi i ka pilina ma waena o kaʻai puaʻa pākahi a me MS ma nā ʻĀpana he nui ().

ʻOiai ʻo nā lāhui kūpikipiki e like me Israel a me India e ʻaneʻane e pakele ai i nā paʻa degenerative a MS, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku e like me West Germany a me Denmark, i kū i nā helu lani kiʻekiʻe.

I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i ka manawa e noʻonoʻo ʻia ai nā ʻāina āpau, hōʻike ka lawe puaʻa a me MS i ka hoʻopili nui o 0.87 (p <0.001), ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka pilina ma waena o MS a me nā momona (0.63, p <0.01), MS a ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻiʻo (0.61, p <0.01) a me MS a me ka ʻai pipi (ʻaʻohe pili koʻikoʻi).

No ke kuanaʻike, ua like kahi noiʻi like ʻana o ka maʻi diabetes a me kēlā me kēia capita o ke kō i loaʻa ka pilina ma lalo o 0.60 (p <0.001) ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻāina he 165 (23).

E like me nā hopena epidemiological āpau, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka ʻai puaʻa a me MS ke hōʻoia i kēlā kumu ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe (a i ʻole ia, ma waena o nā ʻāina i hōʻeha ʻia e MS, ʻo nā mea kūʻai puaʻa hoihoi nui ka poʻe maʻi loa). Akā i ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻana, hele a hohonu loa ka waihona hōʻike.

Ma mua, kahi noiʻi o ka poʻe noho ma ka mokupuni ʻo Orkney a me Shetland o Sekotia, kahi ʻāina i piha me nā mea leʻaleʻa ʻē aʻe, e like me nā hua manu kai, ka waiū maka a me ka ʻai i hoʻomoʻa ʻole ʻia, loaʻa hoʻokahi wale nō papaʻai papaʻai me MS - ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "pot pot," kahi ipu i hana ʻia mai ka lolo puaʻa i hoʻolapalapa ʻia ().

Ma waena o nā poʻe Shetland, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea maʻi MS i hoʻopau i ke poʻo potted i ko lākou wā ʻōpio, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ke olakino, nā makahiki a me nā kūlike i pili i ka wahine.

Pili loa kēia no ka mea - no nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe - MS i kū i ka wā makua ke kumu mai nā hōʻike kaiāulu i ka wā ʻōpio (26).

ʻO ka hiki i ka lolo puaʻa ke hoʻāla i ka autoimmunity pili i ke aʻaʻa ʻaʻole ia he mākaʻi nānā wale nō kekahi. Ma waena o 2007 a me 2009, kahi maʻi o 24 mau mea kanu puaʻa i maʻi pohihihi ʻole ʻia neʻe holomua neʻopa, i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻōuli MS-e like me ka luhi, numbness, tingling a me ka ʻeha (,).

ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi ahulau? ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia he "mist utak puaʻa" - nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o nā kiko o ka lolo i puhi i ka lewa i ka wā o ke kino ().

I ka wā i hanu ai nā limahana i kēia mau ʻāpana kiko, ko lākou ʻōnaehana pale, no kēlā me kēia kaʻanuʻu maʻamau, i hana i nā antibodies e kūʻē i nā antigens porcine haole.

Akā ʻo kēlā mau antigens i kū i kahi like uncanny i kekahi mau neural proteins i loko o ke kanaka. A ʻo ka hopena he pōpilikia olaola: huikau e pili ana i ka mea e kaua aku ai, ua hoʻokumu nā ʻōnaehana pale o nā limahana i kahi hoʻouka kaua-wela i ko lākou aʻa ponoʻī (,).

ʻOiai ʻaʻole like ka hopena o ka autoimmunity i nā sclerosis he nui, ʻo kēlā hana like o ka mimicry mole, kahi e like ai nā antigens haole a me nā antigens ponoʻī e hoʻomaka i kahi pane autoimmune, ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka pathogenesis o MS (,).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole like me ka noe lolo puaʻa, ʻaʻole nā ​​ʻīlio wela a me ka ham maoli inhaled (ʻōpio naʻe nā keiki kāne). Hiki paha i ka puaʻa ke hoʻoili i nā mea pilikia ma o kaʻai ʻana? ʻO ka pane he speculative ʻae. No hoʻokahi, kekahi mau koʻohune, kikoʻī ʻO Acinetobacter, pili i ka mimicry mole me ka myelin, ke ʻano nerve-sheathing i lilo i poino i MS (34,).

ʻOiai ke kuleana o nā puaʻa e like me ʻO Acinetobacter ʻaʻole i aʻo nui ʻia nā mea lawe, ua loaʻa ka bacteria i loko o nā feces puaʻa, ma nā pā puaʻa a me ka puaʻa, ka puaʻa salami a me ka ham, kahi e lawelawe ai i kahi meaolaola (,, 38, 39). Inā hana ka puaʻa i kaʻa no ʻO Acinetobacter ka lawe ʻana (a i ʻole kekahi ala e hoʻonui ai i ka makaʻu o ka maʻi kanaka), pili ka loulou me MS.

ʻElua, noho mālie paha nā puaʻa a aʻo ʻia ma lalo o nā mea lawe o prions, nā protein i kuhi hewa ʻole e kipaku i nā maʻi neurodegenerative e like me ka maʻi Creutzfeldt-Jakob (ke ʻano kanaka o ka bipi wahine pupule) a me Kuru (i loaʻa ma waena o nā kaiāulu kanaka) ().

Hōʻike kekahi poʻe noiʻi MS hiki iā ia iho ke lilo i maʻi prion, kahi e kuhikuhi ana i nā oligodendrocytes, nā hunaola e hoʻohua i ka myelin (). A ʻoiai prions - a me kā lākou mau maʻi e pili pū ana - lawe ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā aʻa nerve i hoʻopilikia ʻia, hiki i nā huahana puaʻa prion-prboring ke lilo i hoʻokahi loulou i ke kaulahao MS ().

ʻO kahi kuleana o ka puaʻa ma MS kahi mamao loa mai kahi hihia paʻa, akā ʻo nā mana epidemiological ikaika ikaika, ka pono bius a me nā ʻike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hana hou i ka noiʻi.

3. Ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate a me Cirrhosis

Kūleʻa ka pilikia o ke akepaʻa ma nā kuʻekuʻe wāwae o kekahi mau hanana weliweli e hiki ke wānana ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka maʻi hepitis B a me C, ka pā ʻana i ka aflatoxin (kahi carcinogen hua ʻia e ka pala) a me ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka waiʻona (43, 44, 45).

Akā kanu ʻia i loko o nā puke ʻepekema kahi maʻi ʻino hou aʻe o ke olakino ate - puaʻa.

No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻolohe pono ka ʻai puaʻa i ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me nā helu cirrhosis a puni ka honua. I nā kālailai multi-country, ua hoʻopili ka pilina ma waena o ka puaʻa a me ka cirrhosis ma 0.40 (p <0.05) e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻikepili 1965, 0.89 (p <0.01) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma waena o nā makahiki 1970, 0.68 (p = 0.003) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili 1996 a me 0.83 ( p = 0.000) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili 2003 (,).

I loko o kēlā mau anamanaʻo like, ma waena o 10 mau panalāʻau ʻo Kanada, hānau ka puaʻa i ka hoʻopili ʻana o 0.60 (p <0.01) me ka make ʻana o ka cirrhosis ate, ʻoiai ʻo ka wai ʻona, ma muli paha o ka hōʻemi haʻahaʻa o ka ʻai, ʻaʻole i hōʻike i kahi loulou nui.

A i nā hōʻike helu helu e hoʻopili nei i nā pōpilikia i ʻike ʻia no ke akepa (ka inu ʻana i ka waiʻona, ka maʻi hepitis B a me ka maʻi hepatitis C), noho kūʻokoʻa ka puaʻa me nā maʻi o ke akepaʻa, e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻole ma muli o ka puaʻa puaʻa wale nō ka hui ʻana, ʻoiai he hihia paha, ma he ʻākena causative ʻokoʻa ().

ʻO ka pīpī, i ka ʻokoʻa, ua kūpaʻa ka ate a pale ʻole paha i kēia mau aʻo.

ʻO kekahi o nā kumuʻai nui loa o nā nitrosamines ka puaʻa i hoʻoponopono ʻia, a me ka mea kipa pinepine i ka pā palai, loaʻa mau nā nitrite a me nā nitrates ma ke ʻano he mea lapaʻau. (Nui ka waiwai o nā lauʻai i nā nitrates kūlohelohe, akā ʻo kā lākou ʻikepili antioksant a me ka momona o ka protein e kōkua i ke kahakaha ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o N-nitrosation, pale iā lākou mai ka lilo ʻana i nā ʻākena maʻi maʻi maʻi ().

Ua loaʻa nā pae nui o nitrosamines i loko o ka puaʻa ate pâté, bacon, sausage, ham a me nā ʻiʻo i hoʻōla ʻia (63,,). ʻO ka ʻāpana momona o nā huahana puaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, makemake e hōʻiliʻili i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā nitrosamines ma mua o nā ʻāpana momona, e hoʻolilo ana i ka puaʻa i kumu waiwai nui ().

Hiki i ke alo o ka momona ke hoʻolilo i ka wikamina C i mea hoʻolaha nitrosamine ma kahi o kahi mea kāohi nitrosamine, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka puaʻa me nā mea ʻai ke hāʻawi i ka pale nui ().

ʻOiai ka hapanui o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai nitrosamine-ate i kākele ʻia, kahi e hana ai kekahi mau nitrosamines i ka ʻeha o ke akepaʻa me ka maʻalahi kupaianaha, ʻike ʻia ka hopena i nā kānaka pū kekahi, (). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi e ʻoi aku ka makaʻala o nā kānaka i nā nitrosamines ma mua o nāʻiole a me nāʻiole ().

I Thailand, no ka laʻana, ua pili ikaika nā nitrosamines i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate i nā wahi kahi haʻahaʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe (71). Ua loaʻa kahi hōʻike 2010 o ka cohort NIH-AARP i ka ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula (me ka puaʻa), kaʻiʻo i hana ʻia (me ka puaʻa i hana ʻia), nā nitrates a me nā nitrite e pili pono me nā maʻi o ka ate mau. ʻO nā limahana Rubber, kahi hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā nitrosamines, ua kū i mua o nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka maʻi akepaʻa ʻole e pili ana i ka waiʻona a me ka maʻi ʻaʻa ().

Hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā nitrosamines i kahi kaulahao o ka hopena ma waena o ka puaʻa, nā hui hōʻino i ka ate a me nā maʻi ate? ʻO ka hōʻike i kēia manawa he patchy loa e hana i kēlā hoʻopiʻi, akā hiki ke kūpono ka makaʻu e hōʻoia i ka palena ʻana o nā huahana puaʻa nitrosamine (a i ʻole nitrosamine), e like me ka bacon, ka ham, nā ʻīlio wela a me nā sausages i hana ʻia me ka sodium nitrite a i ʻole ka potassium nitrate.

Aia nā pilina epidemiological ikaika ma waena o ka ʻai puaʻa a me nā maʻi ate. Inā hōʻike kēia mau loulou i ke kumu a me ka hopena, hoʻokahi hewa paha N-Nitroso pūhui, i loaʻa nui i nā huahana puaʻa i hana ʻia i kuke ʻia i nā mahana wela.

4. Yersinia

No nā makahiki, ua "hana maikaʻi a pīpī ʻia paha ka huaʻōlelo palekana o ka puaʻa," kahi hopena o ka makaʻu e pili ana i ka trichinosis, kahi ʻano maʻi maʻi puni puni i hoʻopau i nā mea kūʻai puaʻa a puni ka 20.^ʻ. kenekulia (73).

Mahalo i nā loli i ka hana hānai ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka mahiʻai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi, ua iho i lalo ka trichinosis i hānai ʻia i ka puaʻa, e kono ana i ka puaʻa ʻalani i ka papa kuhikuhi.

Akā ua wehe paha nā lula wela hoʻoluʻu a ka puaʻa i nā puka no kekahi ʻano maʻi ʻokoʻa - yersiniosis, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia Yersinia koʻohune. Ma ka US wale nō, Yersinia kumu 35 make a aneane 117,000 mau hihia o ka lāʻau make ʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki (). ʻO kona ala komo nui no nā kānaka? ʻIʻo puaʻa moa ʻole.

Kūkaʻi nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o Yersiniosis - ka wela, ka ʻeha, ka maʻi kōkō o ke koko - akā ʻo nā hopena lōʻihi ka mea e pono ai ke kani i nā bele alarm. Nā Pahu o Yersinia helehelena ʻawa i 47 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe o ka reactive arthritis, kahi ʻano o ka maʻi ami ami i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka maʻi (75).

Lilo nā kamaliʻi i hopeYersinia nā pahuhopu arthritis, i kekahi manawa e koi ana i ka synovectomy kemika (ka pahu o ka osmic acid i loko o kahi hui pilikia) e hoʻomaha i ka ʻeha hoʻomau (76, 77).

A i nā hanana maʻamau ʻole ma hea Yersinia ʻaʻole e lawe mai i ka feverish maʻamau, nā maʻi diarrheic? Hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka arthritis reactive ʻoiai ka asymptomatic o ka maʻi kumu, e waiho nei i kahi poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia he hopena ka maʻi o ka maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai (78).

ʻOiai e maʻa mau ka arthritis reactive ma kāna iho ma mua o ka manawa, Yersinia noho ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka pilikia kiʻekiʻe o nā pilikia hui pū, e like me ka ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis a me ka rheumatoid arthritis, no nā makahiki i ka hopena (, 80, 81).

Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike e Yersinia hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia neurological (82). ʻO nā kānaka i loʻohia me ka hao keu i ka nui o ka makaʻu o nā ake o ke ake, e hiki ai i ka make (,,). A i waena o ka poʻe i maʻalahi i ka genetically, ka mua uveitis, ka pehu ʻana o ka iris o ka maka, ʻoi aku paha ka hopena o ka Yersinia (, ).

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma o ka mimicry mole. Yersinia hiki i ka maʻi ke hoʻāla i ka makaʻu o ka maʻi ʻo Graves, kahi ʻano autoimmune i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka hormone thyroid (,).

ʻO ka hopena? Lawe mai i ka wela. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hua puaʻa (69% o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia, e like me kahi hōʻike Consumer Reports) ua haumia me Yersinia koʻohune, a ʻo ke ala wale nō e pale aku ai i ka maʻi maʻi ma o ke kuke pono ʻana. ʻO ka mahana o loko o ka liʻiliʻi 145 ° F no ka puaʻa holoʻokoʻa a me 160 ° F no ka puaʻa lepo e pono ai e hoʻopau i kekahi pathogen lōʻihi.

Hiki i ka puaʻa ʻai ʻole ke hoʻoili Yersinia bacteria, ke kumu o ka maʻi pōkole a me ka hāpai ʻana i ka makaʻu o ka reactive arthritis, nā wā hui paʻa, nā maʻi ʻo Graves a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.

I ka Hopena

No laila, pono i nā omnivores ʻike olakino e ʻānai i ka puaʻa mai ka papa kuhikuhi?

Ke waiho nei ke kiure. No nā pilikia ʻelua o ka puaʻa - hepatitis E a Yersinia - lawa ka kuke kuke ʻana a me ka mālama pono ʻana e hōʻemi i ka makaʻu. A ma muli o ka hemahema o ka noiʻi ʻana, puaʻa-centric e hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i ke kumu, puaʻa ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe a ka puaʻa i puka mai ka epidemiology - kahi māla me nā mea hoʻohoka a me ka hilinaʻi kūpono ʻole.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ka nui o nā papaʻai a me nā maʻi e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ana i ka puaʻa puʻupuʻu me nā ʻano ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā hui e noho me ka puaʻa wale nō.

He mea paʻakikī kēia mau pilikia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena olakino o nā huahana i loaʻa i ka puaʻa a hoʻoholo i ka palekana o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻia, pono paha ia e akahele. ʻO ka nui nui, kūlike a me ka pilina o ka pilina o ka pili o ka puaʻa me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi he nui ka manawa o kahi pilikia maoli.

A hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi noiʻi hou, makemake paha ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ʻelua e pili ana i ka hele ʻana i ka puaʻa hihiu i ka puaʻa.

ʻO ka maʻi ʻaʻai pū kekahi, mālama i ka ʻanuʻu o ka puaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike 1985 i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka puaʻa me nā make ʻana o ka maʻi hepocellular e like me ka ikaika o ka waiʻona (0.40, p <0.05 no nā mea ʻelua) (). (Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka cirrhosis ate he mea mua ia i ka maʻi ʻaʻai, ʻaʻole kēia mea e kahaha (50).)

No laila, he aha ka mea ma hope o kēia mau hui eerie?

I ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻaʻole pau nā wehewehe ʻana. ʻOiai ʻo ka hepatitis E i lawe ʻia i ka puaʻa e hiki ke alakaʻi i ka cirrhosis o ke ake, ʻo kēia ka hana kokoke i nā kānaka pale maʻi wale nō, kahi ʻāpana o ka heluna kanaka e liʻiliʻi no ka helu no ka hoʻopili honua ().

Pili i kaʻiʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka puaʻa i nā omega-6 fatty acid, e like me ka linoleic acid a me ka arachidonic acid, kahi e hoʻokau ai i ka maʻi ate (,,). Akā ʻo nā aila mea kanu, nona ka waiū momona momona i puhi i ka puaʻa i waho o ka wai, mai hulahula like i ka maʻi maʻi ate e hana ai ka puaʻa, e nīnau ana inā he kumu maoli ka momona. (55, 56).

ʻO nā amines heterocyclic, kahi papa o nā carcinogens i hana ʻia e ka kuke ʻana i ka ʻiʻo (me ka puaʻa) i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate ma nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole. Akā ua hana maʻalahi ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o ka pipi, e like me nā noiʻi like i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻohe pili maikaʻi o ka puaʻa me nā maʻi ate (,).

Me nā mea āpau e noʻonoʻo ai, e maʻalahi ke hoʻolei i ka loulou maʻi puaʻa-ate ma ke ʻano he epidemiological fluke. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano hana maʻalahi.

Hoʻopili ka mea hakakā ʻoi paha nitrosamines, ʻo ia nā pūhui carcinogenic i hana ʻia ke hana nā nitrites a me nā nitrates me kekahi mau ʻine (mai ka protein), i ka wela nui (). Ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻohui i ka hōʻino a me ka maʻi ʻaʻai i loko o nā ʻano like ʻole, me ke akepaʻa (61).

ʻO kekahi o nā kumuʻai nui loa o nā nitrosamines ka puaʻa i hoʻoponopono ʻia, a me ka mea kipa pinepine i ka pā palai, loaʻa mau nā nitrite a me nā nitrates ma ke ʻano he mea lapaʻau. (Nui ka waiwai o nā lauʻai i nā nitrates kūlohelohe, akā ʻo kā lākou ʻikepili antioksant a me ka momona o ka protein e kōkua i ke kahakaha ʻana i ke kaʻina hana o N-nitrosation, pale iā lākou mai ka lilo ʻana i nā ʻākena maʻi maʻi maʻi ().

Ua loaʻa nā pae nui o nitrosamines i loko o ka puaʻa ate pâté, bacon, sausage, ham a me nā ʻiʻo i hoʻōla ʻia (63,,). ʻO ka ʻāpana momona o nā huahana puaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, makemake e hōʻiliʻili i nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā nitrosamines ma mua o nā ʻāpana momona, e hoʻolilo ana i ka puaʻa i kumu waiwai nui ().

Hiki i ke alo o ka momona ke hoʻolilo i ka wikamina C i mea hoʻolaha nitrosamine ma kahi o kahi mea kāohi nitrosamine, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka puaʻa me nā mea ʻai ke hāʻawi i ka pale nui ().

ʻOiai ka hapanui o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka maʻi ʻaʻai nitrosamine-ate i kākele ʻia, kahi e hana ai kekahi mau nitrosamines i ka ʻeha o ke akepaʻa me ka maʻalahi kupaianaha, ʻike ʻia ka hopena i nā kānaka pū kekahi, (). ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻōlelo kekahi mau kānaka noiʻi e ʻoi aku ka makaʻala o nā kānaka i nā nitrosamines ma mua o nāʻiole a me nāʻiole ().

I Thailand, no ka laʻana, ua pili ikaika nā nitrosamines i ka maʻi ʻaʻai ate i nā wahi kahi haʻahaʻa nā mea ʻē aʻe (71). Ua loaʻa kahi hōʻike 2010 o ka cohort NIH-AARP i ka ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula (me ka puaʻa), kaʻiʻo i hana ʻia (me ka puaʻa i hana ʻia), nā nitrates a me nā nitrite e pili pono me nā maʻi o ka ate mau. ʻO nā limahana Rubber, kahi hana i hōʻike ʻia i nā nitrosamines, ua kū i mua o nā helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka maʻi akepaʻa ʻole e pili ana i ka waiʻona a me ka maʻi ʻaʻa ().

Hōʻoiaʻiʻo nā nitrosamines i kahi kaulahao o ka hopena ma waena o ka puaʻa, nā hui hōʻino i ka ate a me nā maʻi ate? ʻO ka hōʻike i kēia manawa he patchy loa e hana i kēlā hoʻopiʻi, akā hiki ke kūpono ka makaʻu e hōʻoia i ka palena ʻana o nā huahana puaʻa nitrosamine (a i ʻole nitrosamine), e like me ka bacon, ka ham, nā ʻīlio wela a me nā sausages i hana ʻia me ka sodium nitrite a i ʻole ka potassium nitrate.

Aia nā pilina epidemiological ikaika ma waena o ka ʻai puaʻa a me nā maʻi ate. Inā hōʻike kēia mau loulou i ke kumu a me ka hopena, hoʻokahi hewa paha N-Nitroso pūhui, i loaʻa nui i nā huahana puaʻa i hana ʻia i kuke ʻia i nā mahana wela.

4. Yersinia

No nā makahiki, ua "hana maikaʻi a pīpī ʻia paha ka huaʻōlelo palekana o ka puaʻa," kahi hopena o ka makaʻu e pili ana i ka trichinosis, kahi ʻano maʻi maʻi puni puni i hoʻopau i nā mea kūʻai puaʻa a puni ka 20.^ʻ. kenekulia (73).

Mahalo i nā loli i ka hana hānai ʻana, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka mahiʻai a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi, ua iho i lalo ka trichinosis i hānai ʻia i ka puaʻa, e kono ana i ka puaʻa ʻalani i ka papa kuhikuhi.

Akā ua wehe paha nā lula wela hoʻoluʻu a ka puaʻa i nā puka no kekahi ʻano maʻi ʻokoʻa - yersiniosis, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia Yersinia koʻohune. Ma ka US wale nō, Yersinia kumu 35 make a aneane 117,000 mau hihia o ka lāʻau make ʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki (). ʻO kona ala komo nui no nā kānaka? ʻIʻo puaʻa moa ʻole.

Kūkaʻi nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o Yersiniosis - ka wela, ka ʻeha, ka maʻi kōkō o ke koko - akā ʻo nā hopena lōʻihi ka mea e pono ai ke kani i nā bele alarm. Nā Pahu o Yersinia helehelena ʻawa i 47 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe o ka reactive arthritis, kahi ʻano o ka maʻi ami ami i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka maʻi (75).

Lilo nā kamaliʻi i hopeYersinia nā pahuhopu arthritis, i kekahi manawa e koi ana i ka synovectomy kemika (ka pahu o ka osmic acid i loko o kahi hui pilikia) e hoʻomaha i ka ʻeha hoʻomau (76, 77).

A i nā hanana maʻamau ʻole ma hea Yersinia ʻaʻole e lawe mai i ka feverish maʻamau, nā maʻi diarrheic? Hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka arthritis reactive ʻoiai ka asymptomatic o ka maʻi kumu, e waiho nei i kahi poʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia he hopena ka maʻi o ka maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka meaʻai (78).

ʻOiai e maʻa mau ka arthritis reactive ma kāna iho ma mua o ka manawa, Yersinia noho ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka pilikia kiʻekiʻe o nā pilikia hui pū, e like me ka ankylosing spondylitis, sacroiliitis, tenosynovitis a me ka rheumatoid arthritis, no nā makahiki i ka hopena (, 80, 81).

Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike e Yersinia hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia neurological (82). ʻO nā kānaka i loʻohia me ka hao ʻoi aku paha ka nui o ka make o nā ake akepau, hiki i ka make (,,). A i waena o ka poʻe i maʻalahi i ka genetically, ka mua uveitis, ka pehu ʻana o ka iris o ka maka, ʻoi aku paha ka hopena o ka Yersinia (, ).

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma o ka mimicry mole. Yersinia hiki i ka maʻi ke hoʻāla i ka makaʻu o ka maʻi ʻo Graves, kahi ʻano autoimmune i hōʻike ʻia e ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka hormone thyroid (,).

ʻO ka hopena? Lawe mai i ka wela. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hua puaʻa (69% o nā laʻana i hoʻāʻo ʻia, e like me kahi hōʻike Consumer Reports) ua haumia me Yersinia koʻohune, a ʻo ke ala wale nō e pale aku ai i ka maʻi maʻi ma o ke kuke pono ʻana. ʻO ka mahana o loko o ka liʻiliʻi 145 ° F no ka puaʻa holoʻokoʻa a me 160 ° F no ka puaʻa lepo e pono ai e hoʻopau i kekahi pathogen lōʻihi.

Hiki i ka puaʻa ʻai ʻole ke hoʻoili Yersinia bacteria, ke kumu o ka maʻi pōkole a me ka hoʻāla ʻana i ka makaʻu o ka reactive arthritis, nā kūlana hui mau, nā maʻi ʻo Graves a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.

I ka Hopena

No laila, pono i nā omnivores ʻike olakino e ʻānai i ka puaʻa mai ka papa kuhikuhi?

Ke waiho nei ke kiure. No nā pilikia ʻelua o ka puaʻa - hepatitis E a Yersinia - lawa ka kuke kuke ʻana a me ka mālama pono ʻana e hōʻemi i ka makaʻu. A ma muli o ka hemahema o ka noiʻi ʻana, puaʻa-centric e hiki ai ke hoʻokumu i ke kumu, puaʻa ʻulaʻula ʻē aʻe a ka puaʻa i puka mai ka epidemiology - kahi māla me nā mea hoʻohoka a me ka hilinaʻi kūpono ʻole.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ka nui o nā papaʻai a me nā maʻi e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ana i ka puaʻa puʻupuʻu me nā ʻano ʻiʻo ʻulaʻula, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā hui e noho me ka puaʻa wale nō.

He mea paʻakikī kēia mau pilikia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hopena olakino o nā huahana i loaʻa i ka puaʻa a hoʻoholo i ka palekana o kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo ʻia, pono paha ia e akahele. ʻO ka nui nui, kūlike a me ka pilina o ka pilina o ka pili o ka puaʻa me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi he nui ka manawa o kahi pilikia maoli.

Aia a loaʻa hou kahi noiʻi hou, makemake paha ʻoe e noʻonoʻo ʻelua e pili ana i ka hele ʻana i ka puaʻa hihiu i ka puaʻa.