Ephedra (Ma Huang): Ka Lilo Kaumaha, Nā Kūpono, a me ke Kūlana Kānāwai

Anter

• He aha ka ephedra?
• Hoʻonui i ka nui o ka metabolic a me ka lilo ʻana o ka momona
• Hana synergistically me ka caffeine
• Nā hopena a me ka palekana
• Kūlana kū kānāwai
• Ke laina lalo

Makemake nā poʻe he nui i kahi pila hoʻokalakupua e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a paipai i ka pohō kaumaha.

Ua loaʻa i ka ephedra mea kanu ke kaulana ma ke ʻano he moho kūpono i nā makahiki 1990 a lilo i mea hana maʻamau i nā mea hoʻopihapihaʻai a hiki i ka waena o 2000.

ʻOiai kekahi mau noiʻi i hōʻike hiki ke hoʻonui i ka metabolism a me ka pohō kaumaha, ua hopohopo pū ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo palekana.

Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala iā ʻoe i nā mea e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i nā hopena o ephedra ma ke kaupaona ʻana, a me nā kūlana weliweli a me ke kūlana kū kānāwai.

He aha ka ephedra?

Ephedra sinica, kāhea ʻia hoʻi ma huang, He mea kanu maoli ia ma ʻAsia, ʻoiai ulu kekahi ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau Kina no nā makahiki he mau kaukani (,).

ʻOiai ka mea kanu i loko o nā mea hoʻohui kemika, nā hopena nui o ka ephedra i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mole mole ephedrine ().

Hana ka Ephedrine i nā hopena he nui i loko o kou kino, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka metabolic a me ka momona momona (,).

No kēia mau kumu, ua aʻo ʻia ka ephedrine no kona hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kino a me ka momona o ke kino. I ka wā ma mua, ua loaʻa iā ia ka kaulana nui i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi kaumaha.

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hopohopo palekana, nā mea kōkua e pili ana i nā ʻano kikoʻī i loaʻa i ephedra - i kapa ʻia epalo alkaloids - ua pāpā ʻia ma nā ʻāina he nui, e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

ʻO ka mea kanu ephedra (ma huang) i loko o nā mea hoʻohui kemika he nui, akā ʻo ka mea kaulana loa ka ephedrine. Hoʻopili kēia mole i kekahi mau hanana kino a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui hoʻopuka i makemake nui ʻia ma mua o ka pāpā ʻia ʻana i nā ʻāina he nui.

Hoʻonui i ka nui o ka metabolic a me ka lilo ʻana o ka momona

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi e nānā ana i nā hopena o ka ephedra ma ke kaupaona ʻana i hana ʻia ma waena o nā 1980 a me nā 2000 mua - ma mua o ka pāpā ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻopiha i loaʻa ka ephedrine.

ʻOiai paha nā hopena o ka ephedra i kou kino, ʻo nā hopena kaulana loa ma muli o ka ephedrine.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e hoʻonui ana ka ephedrine i ka nui o ka nui o ka metabolic hoʻomaha - ka helu o nā calorie i puhi ʻia i kou kino i ka wā hoʻomaha - ma muli paha o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka nui o nā calories i puhi ʻia e kou mauʻiʻo (,).

Hiki i ka Ephedrine ke hoʻonui i ke kaʻina hana kuni momona i kou kino (,).

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i ka nui o nā calorie i puhi ʻia ma luna o 24 mau hola he 3.6% ʻoi aku ka nui i ka wā i lawe ai nā poʻe olakino olakino ephedrine i ka wā i lawe ai lākou i kahi placebo ().

Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka wā e hele ai kekahi mau mea momona i ka papaʻai kalorona haʻahaʻa loa, ua heleleʻi ko lākou metabolic rate. Eia naʻe, ua pale hapa ʻia kēia e ka lawe ʻana i ka ephedrine ().

Ma waho aʻe o nā loli wā pōkole i ka metabolism, hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi e hiki i ka ephedrine ke hoʻoikaika i ke kaupaona a me ka pohō momona o nā wā lōʻihi.

I loko o ʻelima mau noiʻi o ka ephedrine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi placebo, ua alakaʻi ka ephedrine i ka pohō kaumaha o 3 paona (1.3 kg) i kēlā me kēia mahina ma mua o kahi placebo - a ʻehā mau mahina (, 11).

Eia naʻe, ʻikepili lōʻihi no ka pono o ka ephedrine no ka pohō kaumaha e nele ().

Hoʻohui ʻia, nui nā noiʻi ephedrine e nānā i ka hui pū ʻana o ka ephedrine a me ka caffeine ma mua o ka ephedrine wale nō (11).

ʻO Ephedrine, kahi mea nui o ephedra, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka nui o nā calorie i puhi ʻia i kou kino. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia hopena i ka nui o ke kaupaona a me ka lilo o ka momona ma luna o nā pule a i mau mahina, ʻoiai ua kaupalena ʻia nā noiʻi wā lōʻihi.

Hana synergistically me ka caffeine

ʻO nā noiʻi he nui e nānā ana i nā hopena pohō o ephedrine i hui pū me kēia mea hoʻohui me ka caffeine.

ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka ephedrine a me ka caffeine e hōʻike i nā hopena ʻoi aku i kou kino ma mua o nā mea pono hoʻokahi (,).

Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻonui ka ephedrine a me ka caffeine i ka nui o ka metabolic ma mua o ka ephedrine wale nō ().

I hoʻokahi hoʻopaʻa i loko o ke olakino momona a me nā momona makua, ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o 70 mg o ka caffeine a me 24 mg o ephedra i hoʻonui i ka nui o ka metabolic 8% ma mua o 2 mau hola, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i placebo ().

Ua hōʻike pū kekahi mau noiʻi ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā hopena o ka caffeine a me ka ephedrine i ka pohō kaumaha, ʻoiai ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua i hana i ka pohō kaumaha ().

Ma luna o 12 mau pule, ke komo nei i kahi hui o ephedra a me caffeine 3 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia lā i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻana o 7.9% o nā momona o ke kino e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1.9% wale nō me kahi placebo ().

Hoʻohālikelike kahi 6 mau mahina ʻē aʻe i 167 overweight a obese poʻe i kahi waihona i loaʻa ka ephedrine a me ka caineine i kahi placebo i ka wā o ka papa hana kaumaha ().

ʻO ka hui e lawe ana i ka ephedrine ua lilo ka 9.5 paona (4.3 kg) o ka momona i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka placebo pūʻulu, i lilo wale ka 5.9 paona (2.7 kg) o ka momona.

Ua hoʻemi ka pūʻulu ephedrine i ke kaumaha o ke kino a me ka LDL (maikaʻi) ʻoi aku ka momona ma mua o ka hui placebo.

Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, hōʻike ka hōʻike i loaʻa i nā huahana i loaʻa i ka ephedrine - keu pū me ka caffeine - hiki ke hoʻonui i ka kaumaha a me ka lilo o ka momona.

Hiki i ka Ephedrine plus caffeine ke hoʻonui i ka nui o ka metabolic a me ka lilo o ka momona ma mua o nā mea ponoʻī wale nō. Hōʻike nā noiʻi i ka hui pū ʻia o ka ephedrine a me ka caffeine e hoʻonui i ka kaumaha a me ka momona o ka momona ma mua o kahi placebo.

Nā hopena a me ka palekana

Hoʻololi nā hana o ka ephedrine i ka noiʻi ʻana, me nā ʻai i lalo o 20 mg i kēlā me kēia lā i manaʻo ʻia he haʻahaʻa, 40-90 mg i kēlā me kēia lā i manaʻo ʻia he kaulike, a me nā kaha o 100-150 mg i kēlā me kēia lā i manaʻo ʻia he kiʻekiʻe.

ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau hopena maikaʻi i ka metabolism a me ke kaumaha o ke kino ma o nā ʻano like ʻole, he nui ka poʻe i nīnau i ka palekana o ka ephedrine.

Ua hōʻike nā noiʻi pilikino i nā hopena huikau e pili ana i ka palekana a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe o kēia mea ma nā ʻano like ʻole.

Ua hōʻike ʻole kekahi i nā hopena ʻaoʻao koʻikoʻi, ʻoiai hōʻike kekahi i nā ʻano ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe i hōʻemi i nā mea komo mai nā noiʻi (,,).

Ua hui pū nā hōʻike hohonu i nā hopena o nā noi he nui e hoʻomaopopo pono ai i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ephedrine.

Hoʻokahi ka nānā ʻana o 52 nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua like ʻole i loaʻa nā hanana kūpilikiʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka make a me ka hōʻeha puʻuwai i nā noi ʻana ma ephedrine - me ka ʻole o ka caffeine (11).

Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like me kēia mau huahana me ka ʻelua a ʻekolu paha hoʻonui ʻana o ka makaʻu o ka nausea, ka luaʻi, ka palpitations o ka naʻau, a me nā pilikia psychiatric.

Hoʻohui ʻia, ke nānā ʻia nā hihia pākahi, he nui nā make, nā puʻuwai puʻuwai, a me nā ʻāpana psychiatric i hoʻopili ʻia me ephedra (11).

Ma muli o nā hōʻike, ua nui nā hopohopo palekana hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka hana kū kānāwai ma United States a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe ().

ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻike kekahi o nā noiʻi pilikino i nā hopena koʻikoʻi o ka ephedra a i ʻole ka ephedrine ʻai, akahai i ka pili loa i nā hopena i ʻike ʻia i ka nānā ʻia ʻana o nā noiʻi i loaʻa.

Kūlana kū kānāwai

ʻOiai ka lāʻau ephedra a me nā huahana like ma huang Loaʻa ke tī no ke kūʻai mai, ʻaʻohe mea kōkua dietary i loaʻa nā alkaloid ephedrine.

Ma muli o ka hopohopo palekana, ua pāpā ka Food and Drug Administration (FDA) i nā huahana i loaʻa ka ephedrine ma 2004 (, 19).

Loaʻa kekahi o nā lāʻau i loaʻa i ka ephedrine ma luna o ka pā, ʻoiai nā lula e pili ana i ke kūʻai ʻana i kēia mau huahana hiki ke loli ʻia e ka mokuʻāina.

Ma muli o ka kaulana nui o nā huahana i loaʻa i ka ephedrine ma mua o ka pāpā ʻana o FDA, ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi mau kānaka e loaʻa nā huahana pohō kaumaha me kēia mea hoʻohui.

No kēia kumu, e kūʻai aku kekahi mau mea hana hoʻopihapiha dietary i nā huahana pohō kaumaha i piha i nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka ephedra, akā ʻaʻole nā ​​epalo alkaloid.

ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa i kēia huahana nā hopohopo palekana i mālama ʻia no nā huahana i loaʻa ka ephedrine - akā ʻaʻole paha lākou e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

ʻOiai ua pāpā ʻia kekahi mau ʻāina ma waho o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā huahana i loaʻa i ka ephedrine, ʻokoʻa nā lula kikoʻī.

Ua pāpā ʻia nā mea hoʻopihapihaʻai piha me nā alkaloids ephedrine e ka FDA i ka makahiki 2004. Loaʻa nā lāʻau i loaʻa i ka ephedrine a me ka mea kanu ephedra no ke kūʻai ʻana, ʻoiai e loli paha nā lula ma kahi.

Ke laina lalo

Ua hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia ka ephedra mea kanu i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻAsia.

ʻO Ephedrine, kekahi o nā mea nui i ka ephedra, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka metabolism a hana i ka pohō kaumaha - keu hoʻi me ka caffeine.

Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o nā hopohopo palekana, nā mea hoʻopihapiha papaʻai i loaʻa ka ephedrine - akā ʻaʻole pono nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i ephedra - pāpā ʻia i kēia manawa ma United States a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe.