Nā hoʻāʻo hana hakuʻala

ʻO nā hoʻāʻo ʻana o nā haku kīhāpai he mau ho'āʻo lab i hoʻohana ʻia e loiloi i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ia mau hoʻāʻo e:

• BUN (Nokena urea naikokene)
• Creatinine - ke koko
• ʻĀina Creatinine
• Creatinine - mimi

• Anatomia hakuʻala
• ʻO Kidney - ke kahe o ke koko a me ka mimi
• Nā hoʻāʻo hana hakuʻala

ʻO Lamb EJ, ʻo Jones GRD. Nā hoʻāʻo hana hakuʻala. I: Rifai N, ed. ʻO Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry a me nā Molecular Diagnostics. ʻElua huaʻōlelo St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2018: chap 32.

ʻO MS, Briefel G. Ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana o ke kōpaʻa, ka wai, nā electrolytes, a me ke kaulike acid-base. I: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, hua. ʻO kā Henry's Clinical Diagnosis a me Management e nā Laboratory Methods. 23rd Ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017: chap 14.

ʻO Pincus MR, ʻo Abraham NZ. Unuhi i nā hopena o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. I: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, hua. ʻO kā Henry's Clinical Diagnosis a me Management e nā Laboratory Methods. 23rd Ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2017: chap 8.