Hōʻike maka maʻamau

ʻO kahi hoʻokolohua maka maka maʻamau he mau hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia e nānā i kāu ʻike a me ke olakino o kou mau maka.

ʻO ka mea mua, e nīnau ʻia ʻoe inā he pilikia paha ka maka a ʻike paha. E noi ʻia ʻoe e wehewehe i kēia mau pilikia, pehea ka lōʻihi o kāu loaʻa ʻana iā lākou, a me nā mea āpau e hoʻomaikaʻi ai iā lākou.

E nānā hou ʻia kāu mōʻaukala a i ʻole nā ​​aniani kelepona. E nīnau ke kauka maka e pili ana i kou olakino holoʻokoʻa, me nā lāʻau āu e lawe ai a me ka mōʻaukala o kou ʻohana.

A laila, e nānā ke kauka i kāu ʻike (ʻike maka ʻike) e hoʻohana ana i kahi pakuhi Snellen.

• E noi ʻia ʻoe e heluhelu i nā leka kaulele e lilo i mau laina liʻiliʻi e ka laina i ka neʻe ʻana o kou mau maka i lalo o ka pakuhi. ʻO kekahi o nā pakuhi Snellen he mea nānā wikiō maoli e hōʻike ana i nā leka a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻi.
• E ʻike ai inā ʻoe e pono i nā aniani, e kau ke kauka i nā aniani he nui i mua o kou maka, hoʻokahi i ka manawa, a nīnau iā ʻoe ke maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana o nā leka ma ka pakuhi Snellen. Kapa ʻia kēia he bias.

ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka hōʻike me nā hōʻike i:

• E ʻike inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hihiʻo ʻekolu-dimensional (3D) kūpono (stereopsis).
• E hōʻoia i kou ʻaoʻao (peripheral) hihiʻo.
• E nānā i nā mākala o ka maka ma ke noi ʻana iā ʻoe e nānā i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa i kahi penlight a i ʻole mea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.
• Nānā i nā haumana me kahi ipukukui e ʻike inā pane lākou (constrict) pono i ke kukui.
• ʻO ka manawa pinepine, hāʻawi ʻia ʻoe i nā kulu maka e wehe (dilate) i kāu poʻe haumāna. ʻAe kēia i ke kauka e hoʻohana i kahi hāmeʻa i kapa ʻia he ophthalmoscope e ʻike i nā hale ma ka hope o ka maka. Kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ka fundus. Hoʻopili pū ia me ka retina a me nā moku koko kokoke a me nā aʻa optic.

ʻO kekahi mea hoʻonui hoʻonui, i kapa ʻia he ipukukui, e hoʻohana ʻia i:

• E ʻike i nā ʻaoʻao mua o ka maka (eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and iris)
• E hōʻoia no ka hoʻonui ʻana o kaomi i ka maka (glaucoma) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hana i kapa ʻia he tonometry

Hōʻoia ka makapō waihoʻoluʻu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kāleka me nā kiko kala e hana ana i nā helu.

E hana i kahi manawa me ke kauka maka (e hele kekahi i nā mea maʻi). Hōʻalo i nā maka o ka maka i ka lā o ka hoʻāʻo. Inā komo ʻoe i nā aniani a i ʻole nā ​​pilina, lawe pū me lākou. Pono paha ʻoe i kekahi e hoʻokele iā ʻoe i ka home inā hoʻohana ka kauka i nā kulu maka e hoʻonui ai i kāu poʻe haumāna.

ʻAʻole hōʻeha a hōʻeha ʻole paha nā hōʻike.

Pono nā keiki āpau e nānā i ka ʻike ma ka keʻena pediatrician a i ʻole ka lawelawe a ka ʻohana ma kahi o ka manawa e aʻo ai lākou i ka pīʻāpā, a laila kēlā me kēia 1 a 2 mau makahiki ma hope. E hoʻomaka koke ka loiloi inā kuhi ʻia nā pilikia o ka maka.

Ma waena o nā makahiki 20 a 39:

• Pono e hana i kahi hoʻokolohua maka piha i kēlā me kēia 5 a 10 mau makahiki
• Pono nā mākua e ʻaʻa i nā aniani kelepona i nā loiloi maka i kēlā me kēia makahiki
• E koi paha kekahi mau ʻōuli o ka maka a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi paha i nā hōʻike pinepine pinepine

ʻO nā mākua ma luna o 40 mau makahiki i loaʻa ʻole nā ​​pilikia a i ʻole nā ​​maka maka mau e pono ke nānā ʻia.

• ʻO kēlā me kēia 2 a 4 mau makahiki no nā mākua mai 40 a 54 makahiki
• ʻO kēlā me kēia 1 a 3 mau makahiki no nā mākua mai nā makahiki 55 a 64
• Kēlā me kēia 1 a i ʻole 2 mau makahiki no nā mākua makahiki 65 a ʻoi

Ke hilinaʻi nei i kāu mau pilikia no nā maʻi maka a me kāu mau hōʻailona a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi i kēia manawa, hiki i kāu kauka maka ke koi aku iā ʻoe e hōʻike pinepine i kāu hoʻokolokolo.

Nā pilikia maka a me nā olakino i hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka maka maʻamau i:

• Ke aniani o nā aniani o ka maka (cataract)
• Diabetes
• Glaucoma
• Piʻi koko kiʻekiʻe
• Ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻike nui, waena (ʻike ʻia ka macular degeneration, a i ʻole ARMD)

ʻO nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua maka maka maʻamau ke maʻamau ke ʻike ka kauka maka iā ʻoe.

• 20/20 (maʻamau) hihio
• Ka hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i nā kala like ʻole
• Kahi kahua ʻike piha
• ʻO ke kaulike kaulike maka maka kūpono
• Kaomi maka maka maʻamau
• ʻO nā hanana maka maʻamau (cornea, iris, lens)

Loaʻa paha nā hopena kūpono ʻole i kekahi o kēia mau mea:

• ARMD
• Astigmatism (kornea meli maʻamau)
• Kanal o ka waimaka i ālai ʻia
• Kālepaʻa
• Makapo waihoʻoluʻu
• Hoʻopili kope
• ʻO nā ulcer Corneal, nā maʻi, a i ʻole ʻeha
• Nā aʻalolo poino a i ʻole nā ​​kīʻaha koko i ka maka
• ʻO ka hōʻino pili i ka maʻi diabetes i ka maka (diabetic retinopathy)
• Hyperopia (ʻike maka)
• Glaucoma
• ʻEha o ka maka
• Maka palau (amblyopia)
• Myopia (nearsightedness)
• Presbyopia (hiki ʻole ke nānā i nā mea kokoke e ulu me ka makahiki)
• Strabismus (maka maka)
• Haehae retina a hemo ʻole paha

ʻAʻole pili paha kēia papa inoa i nā kumu kūpono āpau o nā hopena maʻamau.

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā kulu e hoʻolahalaha i kou mau maka no ka ophthalmoscopy, e pōpō ka ʻike.

• E komo i nā aniani aniani e pale ai i kou mau maka mai ka lā o ka lā, kahi e hōʻino hou ai i kou mau maka ke hoʻonui ʻia.
• E hoʻokele kekahi iā ʻoe i kou home.
• Pau nā kulu i mau hola.

I nā hihia maʻamau, hoʻokumu nā maka maka melemele i:

• He hoʻouka kaua o ka glaucoma huina ʻiki
• Puʻupuʻu
• Maloʻo o ka waha
• Flushing
• ʻO Nusea a me ka luaʻi

ʻO ka hoʻokolohua ophthalmic maʻamau; Ninaninau maka maka mau; Hōʻike maka - kūlana; Hōʻike maka maka

• Hōʻike ʻike ʻike hihi
• Hōʻike kahua ʻike maka

ʻO Ball JW, Nā maʻi JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW. Nā Maka. I: Ball JW, Dains JE, Flynn JA, Solomon BS, Stewart RW, hua. Ke alakaʻi a Seidel i ka hoʻokolokolo kino. 8th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2015: chap 11.

Feder RS, Olsen TW, Prum BE Jr, et al. ʻO nā loiloi loiloi mākua mākua laulā makemake i nā ʻōkuhi kumu hana. Ophthalmology. 2016; 123 (1): 209-236. PMID: 26581558 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581558.

Prokopich CL, Hrynchak P, Elliott DB, Flanagan JG. Loiloi olakino Ocular. I: Elliott DB, hoʻoponopono. Nā Kaʻina Hana Lapaʻau i ka Mālama Maka Makaʻala. ʻEhā ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 7.