ʻŌnaehana paleʻea: he aha ia a pehea e hana ai

Anter

• Nā kelepuna o ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi
• Pehea e hana ai
• Innate a i ʻole kūlohelohe pane pane
• Adaptive a loaʻa ʻole ka pane pale pale
• He aha nā antigens a me nā mea ʻino
• Nā ʻano o ka pale ʻana
• Hoʻoikaika kūuna lāʻau
• Pākuʻi pale hala
• Pehea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana paleʻoniʻoni, a ʻōnaehana pale paha, kahi o nā ʻola, nāʻaʻaʻa a me nā pūnaewele i kuleana no ka paio ʻana i nā microorganism komo hewa, a pēlā e pale ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi. Eia hou, he kuleana ia no ka paepae ʻana i ke kaulike o nā meaola mai ka pane i hoʻohui ʻia o nā hunaola a me nā mole i hana ʻia e pane i ka pathogen.

ʻO ke ala ʻoi loa e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ʻōnaehana paleʻea a hana maikaʻi ia i ka pane ʻana i nā microorganism komo ma o ka ʻai ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano olakino. Hoʻohui, he mea nui ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka lāʻau āpau, keu hoʻi ma ke ʻano he keiki, e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana ʻana i nā mea pale a pale aku i ke keiki mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ko lākou ulu ʻana, e like me ka polio, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ka maʻi palahalaha o nā pēpē, hiki ke pale ʻia. ma o ka lāʻau lapaʻau VIP. ʻIke i ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka lāʻau polio.

Nā kelepuna o ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi

Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka pane pale pale e nā hunaola e pili ana i ka hakakā ʻana i nā maʻi, nā leukocytes, e hāpai i ke olakino o nā meaola a me ke kanaka. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā leukocytes i mau hunaola polymorphonuclear a me mononuclear, i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui kekahi ʻano o nā huna pale i loko o ke kino e hana ana i nā hana ʻokoʻa a hui pū kekahi. ʻO nā pūnaewele o ka ʻōnaehana pale:

• ʻO Lymphocytes, ʻo ia nā hunaola i hoʻololi mau ʻia i ka wā o nā maʻi, ʻoiai ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ai i ka kikoʻī i ka pane pale. ʻEkolu mau ʻano lymphocytes, B, T a me Pepehi kanaka kūlohelohe (NK), hana i nā hana like ʻole;
• Monositita, ke kaapuni nei lākou i kekahi manawa i ke koko a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i mau macrophages, a he mea nui ia no ka hakakā ʻana i ka agena agena o ka meaola.
• Nā Neutrophil, ka mea e holo i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a ʻo ia ka mea mua e ʻike a hana kūʻē i ka maʻi.
• ʻO Eosinophils, ke kahe maʻamau nei i nā mea liʻiliʻi i loko o ke koko, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia ko lākou manaʻo i ka wā o nā hopena maʻi ʻaʻai a i ʻole nā ​​maʻi parasite, bacterial a fungal paha.
• Nā basophil, ka mea hoʻi e holo i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā e hoʻonui paha ma muli o nā maʻi āpau a i ʻole ka hoʻowahāwahā lōʻihi.

Mai ka manawa i komo ai kahi kino haole a me / a i ʻole mea maʻi infectious i loko o ke kino, hoʻoulu ʻia nā hunaola o ka ʻōnaehana pale a hana i kahi ala i laulima ʻia me ka pahuhopu o ka hakakā ʻana i ka lawena lawehala. E aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i nā leukosit.

Pehea e hana ai

ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ke kino i nā ʻano maʻi. No laila, ke komo a kahi microorganism i ka meaola, hiki i ka ʻōnaehana pale ke ʻike i kēia pathogen a hoʻoulu i nā ʻano pale i mea e hakakā ai i ka maʻi.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻelua o nā ʻano nui o ka pane: ka pane ʻōnaehana ʻōlohelohe, ʻo ia ka pale mua o ke kino, a me ka pane pale pale adaptive, ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke hana ʻole ka pane mua a lawa ʻole paha. .

Innate a i ʻole kūlohelohe pane pane

ʻO ka pane kūlohelohe a kūlohelohe paha ka lālani pale mua o nā meaola, i loaʻa i nā poʻe mai ka hānau ʻana. I ka manawa e hoʻouka kaua ai ka microorganism i ka meaola, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia kēia laina pale, ke ʻano e kona wikiwiki a me kāna kikoʻī liʻiliʻi.

ʻO kēia ʻano o ka pale ʻana:

• Nā pale o ke kino, ʻo ia ka ʻili, ka lauoho a me ka mucus, ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana a hoʻolohi paha i ke komo ʻana o nā kino haole i loko o ke kino;
• Nā pale ālaʻi, e like me ka waikawa o ka ʻōpū, ka mahana o ke kino a me nā cytokine, ka mea e pale ai i ka microorganism komo mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kino, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana;
• Nā pale paʻa kelepona, ʻo ia nā pūnaewele i manaʻo ʻia e like me ka laina pale mua, ʻo ia nā neutrophil, macrophages a me NK lymphocytes, kuleana no ka hoʻopuni ʻana i ka pathogen a me ka paipai ʻana i kona luku.

Ma muli o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana, ʻaʻole kū nā maʻi i nā manawa āpau, a hoʻopau koke ʻia nā microorganism. Eia naʻe, ke lawa ʻole ka pale kūlohelohe e hakakā i ka pathogen, hoʻoulu ʻia ka pale adaptive.

Adaptive a loaʻa ʻole ka pane pale pale

ʻO ka pale ʻana i loaʻa a i ʻole adaptive, ʻoiai ka laina ʻelua o ka pale ʻana o ka meaola, he mea nui ia, ʻoiai ma o ia mea e ulu ai nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo, e pale ana i nā maʻi e ka microorganism like mai ka hanana ʻana a i ʻole, inā lilo lākou.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ka pane pale pale adaptive, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā ʻano kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia microorganism a, no laila, alakaʻi i ka pane pale.

Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano pale ʻole e ka launa ʻana me nā ʻaoʻao infectious a ʻelua mau ʻano:

• Ka palekana o ka Humoral, kahi pane i hoʻopili ʻia e nā mea ʻāpala i hua ʻia e nā ʻano lymphocytes B;
• Ka palekana o ke kelepona hele, ʻo ia ka pane pale pale i hoʻopili ʻia e nā lymphocytes T-type, kahi e hāpai ai i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka microorganism a i ʻole ka make ʻana o nā hunaola i loaʻa, no ka mea ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia ʻano pale inā ke ola ka pathogen i ka hana kūlohelohe a me ka humoral, a hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia i nā lāʻau ʻino. E aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i nā lymphocytes.

Ma waho aʻe o ka palekana o ka humoral a me ka cellular, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pane adaptive immune ma ke ʻano he hana, ke loaʻa ʻia ma o ka vaccination, no ka laʻana, a passive paha, ke hele mai ia mai kahi mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ma o ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū, kahi e lawe ai i nā mea ʻiʻo mai ka makuahine i ka pēpē.

He aha nā antigens a me nā mea ʻino

I mea e pane ai ka ʻōnaehana pale, pono nā antigens a me nā mea ʻāpala. ʻO nā antigens nā mea hiki ke hoʻomaka i kahi pane pale pale, kikoʻī no kēlā me kēia microorganism, a paʻa pono i ka lymphocyte a i ʻole kahi antibody e hana i ka pane pale pale, ka hopena maʻamau i ka luku ʻia o ka microorganism a, no laila, ka hopena o ka maʻi.

ʻO nā Antibodies nā protein Y-like ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ke kino i nā maʻi, ke hana ʻia i ka pane ʻana i kahi microorganism komo hewa. Nā Antibodies, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo immunoglobulins, hiki ke loaʻa ma o ka hānai ʻana i ka waiū, ʻo ia ka hihia no IgA, ʻoiai i ka wā o ka hāpai ʻana, ma ka hihia o IgG, a i ʻole hana ʻia i ka pane ʻana i kahi hopena maʻi ʻino, ma ka hihia ʻo IgE.

I ka pane ʻana i nā maʻi, ʻo IgM ka antibody i hana mua ʻia.I ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi, hoʻomaka ke kino e hana IgG, a ʻoi aku ka hakakā ʻana i ka maʻi, koe nō ia i ke kaapuni ʻana, e manaʻo ʻia ana he mea hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo. E aʻo hou e pili ana i IgG a me IgM.

Nā ʻano o ka pale ʻana

Kūlike ka Immunization i ke ʻano o ke kino o ka paipai ʻana i ka pale ʻana i kekahi mau microorganism, i hiki ke loaʻa kūlohelohe a i ʻole hana ʻino paha, e like me nā ʻano o nā lāʻau āpau.

Hoʻoikaika kūuna lāʻau

Loaʻa ka pale ʻana i ka hana pilikino ma o ke kanikau ʻana a i ʻole ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka agena o kekahi ʻano maʻi, e hoʻonāukiuki ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale a hana iā ia e hana i nā mea ʻino.

Hiki i ka hana pilikino ʻana ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻomanaʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā e hui hou ai ke kino me ka agena nāna i kumu i kekahi maʻi, ʻike a hakakā ke kino i ka mea komo hewa, pale i ke kanaka mai ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka maʻi a i ʻole ke ʻoi loa ʻana. No laila, lōʻihi loa kēia ʻano pane, eia naʻe he manawa ka manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana i ka mea hōʻeha, ʻaʻohe kumu koke o kahi pane pale pale kūpono. Lawe ka ʻōnaehana pale i ka manawa e hana a assimilate i kēia ʻike.

ʻO ka kūlohelohe i ka pathogen kahi ala e loaʻa ai ka pale ʻana i ka hana. Hoʻohui, he mea nui e kiʻi i ka hana pilikino i ka hana pilikino, ka mea ma o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana, a pēlā e pale aku ai i nā maʻi o ka wā e hiki mai ana. I ka lāʻau ʻana, hāʻawi ʻia ke kanaka i ka microorganism make a i ʻole hoʻemi ʻia kāna hana i mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale e ʻike ai i ka pathogen a hana i ka pale e kūʻē iā ia. E ʻike i nā lāʻau āpau nui a i ka wā hea e lawe ai.

Pākuʻi pale hala

Hana ʻia ka pale ʻana i ka passive ke loaʻa i kekahi kanaka nā mea ʻino i hana ʻia e kekahi kanaka a holoholona paha. Loaʻa maʻamau kēia ʻano o ka pale ʻana ma o ka hele ʻana o immunoglobulins, ka hapanui o ka ʻano IgG (antibody), ma o ka placenta, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka hoʻololi pololei ʻana mai ka makuahine i ka pēpē.

Hiki nō hoʻi ke kiʻi kūlohelohe passive i ka hana kuʻi ʻia, ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea ʻāpala mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a holoholona paha, e like me ka nahu o ka nahesa, no ka laʻana, kahi i lawe ʻia ai ka serum mai ka lāʻau ʻawa a laila lawelawe pololei ʻia i ke kanaka. E aʻo e pili ana i ke kōkua mua no ka nakeke.

Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano o ka pale ʻana i kahi pane pale wikiwiki, akā ʻaʻole ia e mau ana e like me ka hihia me ka pale ʻana i ka hana.

Pehea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale maʻi

I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale, he mea nui e lawe i nā ʻano nohona olakino, e like me ka hoʻoikaika mau a me ka papaʻai kaulike, me nā meaʻai i waiwai i ka wikamina C, selenium a me ka zinc. E ʻike i nā mea hiki i nā meaʻai ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻōnaehana pale.

E nānā i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāu ʻōnaehana pale: