Hoʻololi nā ʻelemakule i nā meaola, nā aʻa, a me nā hunaola

Hoʻomaka nā mea ola āpau e lilo i kahi hana i kou wā ʻelemakule i kou wā makua. Loaʻa nā hoʻololi kūnewa i nā hunaola a pau o ke kino, nāʻaʻaʻa, a me nā meaola, a ua hoʻopili kēia mau hoʻololi i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana kino āpau.

Hana ʻia nā mea ola i nā hunaola. Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano o nā hunaola, akā loaʻa like nā ʻano kumu like āpau. ʻO nā kele kahi papa o nā hunaʻi like e hana i kahi hana kikoʻī. Hoʻohui pū nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano i nā ʻōpala.

ʻEhā ʻano kumu o kaʻaʻaʻa:

Nā mea hoʻopili pili Kākoʻo i nāʻaʻaʻa ʻē aʻe a hoʻopaʻa paʻa iā lākou. Hoʻopili kēia i ka iwi, ke koko, a me nā kinona lymph, a me nā kinikini e hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻili a me nā mea kūloko.

ʻIli Epithelial Hāʻawi i kahi uhi no nā papa o ke kino papa hele a hohonu. ʻO kaʻili a me nā pale o nā ala i loko o ke kino, e like me ka ʻōnaehana gastrointestinal, i hana ʻia me kaʻiʻo epithelial.

ʻIli mākala ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā ʻaʻa:

• Nā mākala Striated, e like me nā mea e neʻe i ka iwi iwi (i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā mākala manawaleʻa)
• Nā mākala lahilahi (i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā mākala pili ʻole), e like me nā mākala i loko o ka ʻōpū a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko
• ʻO ka naʻau Cardiac, ka mea e hana i ka hapa nui o ka paia o ka puʻuwai (a ʻo kahi mākala hoʻoikaika ʻole)

'Aʻaʻa nerve hana ʻia i nā pūnaewele nerve (neurons) a hoʻohana ʻia e hāpai i nā leka i a i nā wahi like ʻole o ke kino. ʻO ka lolo, ka iwi kuamoo, a me nā ʻalolo āpau i hana ʻia i nā ʻaʻa nerve.

NA OLELO HOLOHOLOLE

ʻO nā cell ke kumu paʻa o nāʻaʻaʻa. Hoʻololi nā pūnaewele āpau i nā loli me ka ʻelemakule. Lilo lākou i mea nui a hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻonui. Ma waena o nā hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, aia ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā pigment a me nā mea momona o loko o ka cell (lipids). Nui nā pūnaewele e lilo i ko lākou hiki ke hana, a i ʻole hoʻomaka lākou e hana maʻamau.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻelemakule, kūkulu nā huahana ʻōpala i ka iʻa. ʻO kahi pigment brown momona i kapa ʻia lipofuscin e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano he nui, e like me nā mea momona ʻē aʻe.

Hoʻololi nā pūnaewele pili, e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. ʻO kēia ka mea ʻoʻoleʻa o nā ʻokana, nā kīʻaha koko, a me nā alaloa. Hoʻololi nā membrane cell, no laila he nui nā pilikia o ka nui o ke kino i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen a me nā meaola, a me ka hemo ʻana i ke kalapona a me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe.

Nui nāʻaʻa e nalowale ka nui. Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana ʻo atrophy. Lilo i kekahi mauʻaʻa i puʻupuʻu (nodular) a ʻoi aku ʻoʻoleʻa.

Ma muli o ka loli a me nā hoʻololi o ke kiko, hoʻololi pū ʻia kāu mau mea i kou mau makahiki. Lohi mālie nā ʻōnaehana ʻelemakule i ka hana. ʻAʻole ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i kēia nalowale koke, no ka mea ʻaʻole iki ʻoe e hoʻohana i kāu mau meaola i ko lākou hiki piha.

Loaʻa i nā Organs kahi mālama mālama i hiki ke hana ma mua o nā pono maʻamau. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i ka puʻuwai o 20 mau makahiki ke pume ma kahi o 10 mau manawa o ka nui o ke koko e pono ai e ola ke kino. Ma hope o ka makahiki 30, ua hala ka awelika o 1% o kēia mālama i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

ʻO nā loli nui loa i ka mālama ʻana o nā meaola i loko o ka puʻuwai, nā māmā, a me nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ka nui o nā mālama i nalowale ma waena o nā poʻe a ma waena o nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi kanaka.

Hōʻike lohi kēia mau loli a lōʻihi loa. Ke hana ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kahi ʻōpena ma mua o ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole paha e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana. Hiki i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia ʻē aʻe ke ulu ke hana ʻoi ke kino ma mua o ka maʻamau. ʻO nā mea e hana i kahi hana keu (nā koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ke kino) e komo pū me kēia:

• Maʻi
• Nā Lapaʻau
• Hoʻololi ke ola nui
• Hoʻonui ka nui o nā koi kino i ke kino, e like me ka loli o ka hana a i ʻole ke kū i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe

ʻO ka nalowale o kahi mālama i mea paʻakikī e hoʻihoʻi i ke kaulike (ke kaulike) i ke kino. Lawe ʻia nā lāʻau mai ke kino e nā puʻupaʻa a me ke akepaʻa ma kahi wikiwiki. Pono ʻia nā lāʻau ma lalo o nā lāʻau, a lilo ka hopena i mea maʻamau. ʻAka pinepine ka hoʻōla ʻana mai nā maʻi he 100%, ke alakaʻi nei i ke kīnā a nui aku.

Hiki i nā hopena o ka lāʻau ke mimic i nā ʻōuli o nā maʻi he nui, no laila maʻalahi e kuhihewa i kahi hopena lāʻau no kahi maʻi. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau he ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa nā hopena i ka poʻe kahiko ma mua o ka poʻe ʻōpio.

KANAKA MAKAHIKI

ʻAʻohe mea e ʻike pehea a me ke kumu e loli ai ka poʻe i ko lākou wā ʻelemakule. Wahi a kekahi mau theories ke kumu o ka ʻelemakule e nā ʻeha mai ke kukui ultraviolet ma luna o ka manawa, ʻaʻahu a waimaka i ke kino, a i ʻole nā ​​huahana by metabolism. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe e ʻike i ka ʻelemakule ma ke ʻano he kaʻina predetermined e mālama ʻia e nā gen.

ʻAʻole hiki i ke kaʻina hoʻokahi ke wehewehe i nā loli o ka ʻelemakule. ʻO ka ʻelemakule kahi hana paʻakikī e ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka hopena o nā poʻe like ʻole a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā gerontologists (ka poʻe e aʻo nei i ka ʻelemakule) manaʻo ka ʻelemakule ma muli o ka pilina o nā mana o ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻopili kēia mau hopena i ka hoʻoilina, ka nohona, ka moʻomeheu, ka papaʻai, ka hoʻoikaika kino a me ka leʻaleʻa, nā maʻi i hala, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe he nui.

ʻAʻole like me nā loli o ka ʻōpio, ka mea i wānana ʻia i loko o kekahi mau makahiki, ua ʻelemakule kēlā me kēia kanaka i kahi helu kū hoʻokahi. Hoʻomaka kekahi ʻōnaehana i ka ʻelemakule a hiki i ka makahiki 30. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā hana ʻelemakule a hiki i ka wā ma hope o ke ola.

ʻOiai e loli mau kekahi mau hoʻololi me ka ʻelemakule, hana ʻia ia ma nā helu ʻokoʻa a i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole. ʻAʻohe ala e wānana pololei pehea ʻoe e ʻelemakule ai.

NĀ KMSLĀWAI E HAKAKA I NĀ ʻano hoʻololi o ke kelepona

Atrophy:

• ʻInkmiʻi nā keena. Inā hōʻemi nā pūnaewele i ka nui, nā atrophies o ke koʻokoʻo holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia pinepine kahi loli kūnewa maʻamau a hiki ke hana i nā mea āpau. ʻO ka mea maʻamau i nāʻiʻo iwi, ka puʻuwai, ka lolo, a me nā mea moekolohe (e like me nā umauma a me nā ovaries). E lahilahi a iwi a haki paha me ka ʻehaʻeha liʻiliʻi.
• ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu o ke atrophy, akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana, hoʻemi i ka hana, hoʻemi i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ke koko a i ʻole nā ​​meaʻai i nā hunaola, a hoʻemi i ka stimulate e nā aʻa a me nā hormona.

Hypertrophy:

• Hoʻonui nā keaka. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā protein i ka membrane a me nā hanana o ke keena, ʻaʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka wai o ka cell.
• Ke atrophy kekahi o nā huna, hiki i kekahi poʻe ke hypertrophy e hana no ka nalo ʻana o ka nui o nā pūnaewele.

Hyperplasia:

• Hoʻonui ka helu o nā hunaola. Hoʻonui ʻia ka helu o ka mahele o ka cell.
• Kū pinepine ʻo Hyperplasia e uku no ka nalo ʻana o nā hunaola. Hāʻawi ia i kekahi mau lālā a me nā kinona e ola hou, e like me ka ʻili, ka uhi ʻana o nā ʻōpū, ke ake, a me ka iwi iwi. Maikaʻi loa ke akepaʻa i ke ola hou ʻana. Hiki iā ia ke pani i 70% o kāna kūkulu i loko o 2 mau pule ma hope o kahi ʻeha.
• ʻO nā kele i loaʻa ka palena palena i ka hiki ke hana hou me nā iwi, nā iwi kino, a me nā mākala maʻalahi (e like me nā mākala a puni nā ʻōpū). ʻO nā kolo i kākaʻikahi a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻohou hou i nā aʻa, nā iwi iwi, nā puʻuwai puʻuwai, a me nā aniani o ka maka. Ke hōʻeha ʻia, ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau mea i nāʻiʻo makaʻu.

ʻO Dysplasia:

• ʻO ka nui, ke ʻano, a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā hunaola makua i ʻano ʻē. Kāhea ʻia kēia ʻo atypical hyperplasia.
• Kūlohelohe ka Dysplasia i nā hunaola o ka cervix a me ka uhi o ka hanu hanu.

Neoplasia:

• ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā tumors, kahi maʻi ʻaʻai (malignant) a i ʻole noncancerous (benign).
• Hoʻopuka pinepine nā hunaola Neoplastic. He mau ʻano ʻokoʻa paha kā lākou a me ka hana maʻamau ʻole.

Ke hele a makua ʻoe, e loli ʻoe i kou kino holoʻokoʻa, me nā loli i:

• Hormone hana
• Immunity
• Ka ʻili
• Hiamoe
• Iwi, nā mākala, a me nā ami
• Nā poli
• Ke alo
• ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hānau wahine
• ʻO ka naʻau a me nā kīʻaha koko
• ʻO nā puʻupaʻa
• ʻO nā ake māmā
• ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hānau kāne
• ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana

• ʻAno kele

Baynes JW. ʻElemakule. I: Baynes JW, Dominiczak MH, eds. Lapaʻau Biochemistry. 5th lā. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2019: chap 29.

Fillit HM, Rockwood K, Young J, hoʻoponopono. ʻO Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine a me Gerontology. 8th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.

Walston JD. ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau o ka ʻelemakule. I: Goldman L, Schafer Al, kau. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 22.