Pane ʻōnaehana

ʻO ka pane pale ʻana pehea e ʻike ai kou kino a pale iā ia iho i ka bacteria, nā mea hoʻomaʻi, a me nā mea i ʻike ʻia he haole a ʻino hoʻi.

Pale ka ʻōnaehana pale kino i ke kino mai nā mea hōʻino paha ma o ka ʻike ʻana a me ka pane ʻana i nā antigens. ʻO nā antigens nā mea (maʻa mau i nā protein) ma ka ʻili o nā hunaola, nā virus, nā fungi, a me nā bacteria. ʻO nā mea ola ʻole e like me nā lāʻau make, nā kemika, nā lāʻau, a me nā mea ʻē haole (e like me ka splinter) hiki ke lilo i antigens. ʻIke a luku ʻia ka ʻōnaehana paleʻoniʻoni, a hoʻāʻo paha e luku, i nā mea i loaʻa i nā antigens.

Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele o kou kino nā protein i antigens. Hoʻopili kēia i kahi hui o nā antigens i kapa ʻia ʻo HLA antigens. Aʻo i kou ʻōnaehana pale pale e ʻike i kēia mau antigens ma ke ʻano maʻamau a hana maʻamau ʻole iā lākou.

INNATE IMMUNITY

Innate, a i ʻole nonspecific, ʻo ka pale ʻana ka ʻōnaehana pale kaua āu i hānau ai. Mālama ia iā ʻoe i nā antigens āpau. Hoʻopili ka pale ʻole Innate i nā pale e mālama i nā mea weliweli mai ke komo ʻana i kou kino. Hoʻokumu kēia mau pale i ka lālani pale mua i ka pane pale. ʻO nā laʻana o ka pale pilikino ma loko.

• Hoʻoikaika Cough
• ʻO nā enzymes i ka waimaka a me nā aila ʻili
• Mucus, ka mea e hei i nā koʻohune a me nā huna liʻiliʻi
• ʻIli
• ʻAkika ʻōpū

Hiki mai ka pale ʻole Innate i kahi ʻano kemika protein, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka immune immoral humoral. ʻO nā laʻana e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopiha o ke kino a me nā mea i kapa ʻia interferon a me interleukin-1 (ʻo ia ke kumu o ke kuni).

Inā hala aʻe kahi antigen i kēia mau pale, hoʻouka kaua ia a wāwahi ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana pale.

Loaʻa IMMUNITY

Loaʻa ka pale ʻana i ka pale e hoʻomohala ʻia me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā antigens like ʻole. Kūkulu kāu ʻōnaehana pale pale i kēlā antigen kikoʻī.

HUAKAHI MAKAHIKI

Ma muli o ka pale pale i hana ʻia i loko o ke kino ʻē aʻe ma mua o kāu. Loaʻa i nā pēpē ka palekana o ka passive no ka mea ua hānau ʻia lākou me nā meaola i hoʻoili ʻia ma o ka placenta mai kā lākou makuahine. Nalo kēia mau mea ʻino ma waena o nā makahiki 6 a me 12.

Hiki paha i ka pale ʻana i ka passive ma muli o ka injection o antiserum, kahi i loaʻa i nā mea ʻāpala i hoʻokumu ʻia e kekahi kanaka a holoholona paha. Hāʻawi ia i ka pale koke i ka antigen, akā ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i ka pale lōʻihi. Immune serum globulin (hāʻawi ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi hepitis) a me nā tetanus antitoxin he mau laʻana no ka pale ʻana i ka passive.

NA HUI KOKO

Aia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale kekahi ʻano o nā hunaola keokeo. Hoʻopili pū ia i nā kemika a me nā protein i loko o ke koko, e like me nā anti-antibodies, nā protein āpau, a me interferon. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau mea e hoʻouka pololei i nā mea haole i ke kino, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana pū e kōkua i nā pūnaewele immune immune.

ʻO Lymphocytes kahi ʻano o ke keʻokeʻo koko keʻokeʻo. Aia nā lymphocytes B a me T.

• L lilo nā lymphocytes B i mau hunaola e hoʻohua ai i nā mea ʻino. Hoʻopili nā Antibodies i kahi antigen kikoʻī a maʻalahi hoʻi no nā hunaola pale e luku ai i ka antigen.
• Hoʻopiʻi pololei nā lymphocytes T i nā antigens a kōkua i ke kaohi ʻana i ka pane pale. Hoʻokuʻu lākou i nā kemikolo, i ʻike ʻia he cytokines, ka mea e kaohi i ka hopena pale āpau.

Ke ulu nei nā lymphocytes, ʻike mau lākou e haʻi i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kāu kino a me nā mea i loaʻa ʻole i loko o kou kino. I ka manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā hunaola B a me nā hunaola T, e hoʻomāhuahua ai kekahi mau ʻāpana a hāʻawi i ka "hoʻomanaʻo" no kāu ʻōnaehana pale maʻi. ʻAe kēia i kāu ʻōnaehana pale pale e pane wikiwiki a me ka maikaʻi i ka manawa aʻe e hōʻike ʻia ʻoe i ka antigen like. I nā manawa he nui, e pale ia iā ʻoe mai ka maʻi ʻana. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka mea i loaʻa i ka moa ka moa a i ʻole i pale ʻia me ka maʻi pīpī e pale aku i ka loaʻa hou ʻana o ka moa.

OLELO HOOLAHA

Kū ka hopena inflammatory (mumū) i ka wā e hōʻeha ai nā kino i nā bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, a i ʻole nā ​​kumu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokuʻu nā pūnaewele i hōʻino ʻia e like me histamine, bradykinin, a me nā prostaglandins. Hoʻokumu kēia mau kemika i nā kīʻaha koko e hoʻokahe ka wai i nā aʻa, e hoʻoulu ana. Kōkua kēia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waiwai haole mai ka pili hou ʻana me nā kino o ke kino.

Hoʻopili pū kekahi i nā kemika i nā hunaola keokeo i kapa ʻia nā phagocytes e "ʻai" i nā groc a me nā hunaola i make a i hōʻino ʻia. Kapa ʻia kēia hana ʻo phagositosis. E make ana nā Phagocytes. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Pus mai kahi hōʻiliʻili o nā mea make, nā bacteria make, a me nā phagocytes ola a make.

NĀ KUMU HANA IMMUNE AND ALLERGIES

Hana ʻia nā maʻi ʻōnaehana imile ke kuhikuhi ʻia ka pane pale i nā aʻa o ke kino, nui, a nele paha. Hoʻopili nā mea āpau i kahi pane pale i kahi mea a ka hapanui o nā kino o ke kanaka e ʻike nei he mea ʻino ʻole.

IMMUNIZATION

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia (vaccization) kahi ala e hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka pane pale pale. Hāʻawi ʻia nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi o kahi antigen, e like me nā mea make a i nāwaliwali paha i nā maʻi ʻino, e hoʻoulu ai i ka "hoʻomanaʻo" ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale (nā hunaola B i hoʻoweliweli ʻia a me nā huna T i ʻike ʻia. ʻAe ka hoʻomanaʻo i kou kino e hana wikiwiki a maikaʻi i nā hōʻike i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

NA PALAPALA MAI KE KAHI HANOHOLO IMMUNE HUI

Pale ka pane pale pale maikaʻi i nā maʻi a me nā maʻi. Hāʻawi kahi pane pale ʻole kūpono ʻole i nā maʻi e ulu. ʻO ka nui loa, ka liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole ka pane pale pale hewa e kū ai i nā maʻi ʻōnaehana pale. Hiki i kahi pane pale pale overactive ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā maʻi autoimmune, kahi e hana ai nā mea pale antiodies i nā aʻa ponoʻī o ke kino.

Nā pilikia mai nā loli pale i hoʻololi ʻia:

• Allergy a hypersensitivity paha
• Anaphylaxis, he hopena hoʻoweliweli ola
• Nā maʻi Autoimmune
• ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka maʻi host, kahi pilikia o ka hoʻoneʻe iwi iwi
• Nā maʻi Immunodeficiency
• Maʻi maʻi
• ʻO ka hōʻole transplant

Innate palekana; Pā palekana Humoral; Ka palekana o ke kelepona hele; Pākuʻi; Pane hoʻāla; Loaʻa ʻia (adaptive) ka palekana

• ʻO ke anuanu a me ka maʻi palū - he aha e nīnau aku ai i kāu kauka - makua
• ʻO ke anuanu a me ka maʻi palū - he aha kāu e noi aku ai i kāu kauka - keiki
• Ke kuni kāu pēpē a pēpē paha

• Nā hanana ʻōnaehana pale ʻole
• Phagositosis

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Nā waiwai a me ka nānā o nā pane pale. I: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, eds. Pūnaewele Immunology. 9th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: chap 1.

Bankova L, Barrett N. Innate palekana. I: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Nā Manaʻo a me ka Hoʻomaʻamaʻa. 9th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 1.

Firestein GS, Stanford SM. Nā mīkini o ka hoʻāpā a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā ʻaʻa. I: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 42.

Tuano KS, Chinen J. Palekana palekana. I: Burks AW, Holgate ST, O'Hehir RE, et al, eds. Middleton's Allergy: Nā Manaʻo a me ka Hoʻomaʻamaʻa. 9th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 2.