Ka hopu ʻana i ka tonic-clonic laulā

ʻO ka hopu ʻana o ka tonic-clonic ākea ka ʻano o ka hopu ʻana e pili ana i ke kino holoʻokoʻa. Kapa ʻia ʻo grand mal seizure. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā huaʻōlelo hopu, kuʻi, a i ʻole epilepsy me ka hopu ʻana i nā tonic-clonic generalized.

Loaʻa nā hopu ʻia mai ka overactivity i ka lolo. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hopu tonic-clonic laulā i nā poʻe o nā makahiki. Hiki iā lākou ke hana i hoʻokahi manawa (episode hoʻokahi). A i ʻole, hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ke ʻano he maʻa mau o ka maʻi hoʻomau (epilepsy). ʻO kekahi hopu ʻana ma muli o nā pilikia psychological (psychogenic).

He ʻike ka poʻe, ka ʻono, keʻala, a me nā loli sensory, hallucination, a me ka dizziness paha ma mua o ka hopu ʻana i nā poʻe he nui me nā hopu tonic-clonic ākea. Kapa ʻia kēia he aura.

ʻO ka hopu pinepine ʻana i nāʻiʻo paʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia e nā kuʻikuʻi mākala kolohe a me ka nalo o ka makaʻala (ka noʻonoʻo). ʻO nā ʻōuli ʻē aʻe i kū i ka wā o ka hopu ʻana e pili pū paha:

• Ke nahu nei i ka papalina a i ʻole ke alelo
• ʻO nā niho a i ʻole ka iwi ā i paʻa
• Ka nalowale o ka mimi a i ʻole ka papa noho (incontinence)
• Kāohi i ka hanu ʻana a paʻakikī i ka hanu ʻana
• Waihoʻoluʻu polū

Ma hope o ka hopu ʻana, loaʻa paha i ke kanaka:

• Huikau
• Hiamoe a hiamoe paha e mau ana no 1 mau hola a ʻoi aku paha (i kapa ʻia ka mokuʻāina post-ictal)
• Ka nalowale o ka hoʻomanaʻo (amnesia) e pili ana i ka māhele hopu
• ʻEha poʻo
• Nāwaliwali o ka ʻaoʻao 1 o ke kino no kekahi mau minuke i kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka hopu ʻana (i kapa ʻia ʻo Todd paralysis)

E hana ke kauka i kahi hoʻokolohua kino. E hoʻopili kēia i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka lolo a me ka ʻōnaehana.

E hana ʻia kahi EEG (electroencephalogram) e nānā i ka hana uila i ka lolo. ʻO ka poʻe me ka hopu ʻana he pinepine nā hana uila i ʻike ʻia ma kēia hōʻike. I kekahi mau hihia, hōʻike ka hōʻike i kahi ma ka lolo kahi e hoʻomaka ai ka hopu ʻana. ʻIke paha ka lolo ma hope o ka hopu ʻana a ma waena o ka hopu ʻana.

Kauoha ʻia paha nā hōʻoia koko e nānā no nā pilikia olakino ʻē aʻe e hoʻonāukiuki paha.

Hana ʻia ka scan CT Head a MRI paha e ʻike i ke kumu a me kahi o ka pilikia i ka lolo.

ʻO ka mālama ʻana no ka hopu ʻana i ka tonic-clonic me nā lāʻau, hoʻololi i ka nohona no nā mākua a me nā keiki, e like me ka hana a me ka papaʻai, a i kekahi manawa ke ʻoki. Hiki i kāu kauka ke haʻi hou aku iā ʻoe e pili ana i kēia mau koho.

Ka hopu ʻana - tonic-clonic; Ka hopu ʻana - grand mal; Ka hopu ʻana ʻo Grand mal; Ka hopu ʻana - generalized; Epilepsy - ka hopu ʻana ākea

• Lolo
• Convulsions - kōkua mua - series

Abou-Khalil BW, Gallagher MJ, Macdonald RL. Epilepsy. I: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. ʻO Bradley's Neurology i ka hana lapaʻau. ʻEpekema 7 Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 101.

Leach JP, Davenport RJ. Neurology. I: Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MWJ, Hobson RP, eds. Nā Kumuhana a Davidson a me ka hana o ka lāʻau. 23rd Ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: chap 25.

ʻO Thijs RD, Nā Kahua R, O'Brien TJ, Sander JW. Epilepsy i nā mākua. Lancet. 2019; 393 (10172): 689-701. PMID: 30686584 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30686584/.

Wiebe S. ʻO nā epilepsy. I: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau Goldman-Cecil. 26th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 375.