Hoʻohui o nā iwi pepeiao

ʻO ka hoʻohui o nā iwi pepeiao ka hoʻohui o nā iwi o ka pepeiao waena. ʻO kēia nā iwi incus, malleus, and stapes iwi. ʻO ke kuʻi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā iwi e alakaʻi i ka nalo ʻana o ka pepeiao, no ka mea, ʻaʻole e neʻe nā iwi a haʻalulu i ka hopena o nā nalu kani.

Pili nā kumuhana pili:

• Maʻi maʻi puʻupuʻu
• Otosclerosis
• Malformations o ka pepeiao waena

• Anatomy pepeiao
• Loaʻa nā ʻike lapaʻau e pili ana i ka anatomy pepeiao

Hale JW, CD Cunningham. Otosclerosis. I: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Ke poʻo poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. ʻEpekema 7 Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: chap 146.

O'Handley JG, Tobin EJ, Shah AR. Otorhinolaryngology. I: Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Puke aʻo o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻohana. 9th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2016: chap 18.

Prueter JC, Teasley RA, Backous DD. ʻO ka loiloi lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hana ʻoki ʻana o ka nalo ʻana o ka conductive. I: Flint PW, Francis HW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Ke poʻo poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī. ʻEpekema 7 Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2021: chap 145.

Rivero A, Yoshikawa N. Otosclerosis. I: Myers EN, Snyderman CH, eds. ʻO ke keʻoki Otolaryngology Operative a me ka ʻoki ʻāʻī. ʻEkolu huaʻōlelo. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: chap 133.