Lāʻau make kēpau

He lāʻau make ikaika loa ke kēpau. Ke ale ke kanaka i kahi mea i loaʻa ke kēpau a i ʻole hanu i ka lepo kēpau, hiki i kekahi o nā mea make ke noho i loko o ke kino a hana i nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi.

ʻO kēia ʻatikala no ka ʻike wale nō. Mai hoʻohana ia mea e mālama a mālama i kahi lāʻau make maoli. Inā loaʻa ʻoe a i ʻole kekahi mea āu e launa pū ai, e kāhea i kāu helu pilikia kūloko (e like me 911), a i ʻole hiki ke kiʻi pololei ʻia i kahi kikowaena lāʻau make kūloko ma ke kāhea ʻana i ka laina laina kōkua Poison Help free (1-800-222-1222) mai nā wahi a ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

ʻO ke kēpau ma mua he mea maʻamau ia i ka petrolina a me ka pena hale ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I nā keiki, hōʻike pinepine ke kēpau ma o kaʻai ʻana. ʻO nā keiki e noho nei i nā kūlanakauhale me nā hale kahiko e loaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kēpau. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua koho ʻia he hapalua miliona keiki ma kahi o 1 a 5 mau makahiki i loaʻa i nā pae maikaʻi ʻole o ke kēpau i ko lākou kahe koko. I nā mākua, maʻa mau ka pā ʻana o ke kēpau ma o ka inhalation i ka wahi hana.

ʻOi aku ka makaʻu o nā keiki neʻe a me nā mea pakele no ka lāʻau ʻino kēpau ma mua o nā keiki i hānau ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma muli o ka papaʻai a me nā pilikia e hōʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana i United States.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole hana hou ʻia ka petrolina a me ka pena me ke kēpau i loko o lākou, he pilikia olakino ke kēpau. Aia ke kēpau ma nā wahi āpau, e like me ka lepo, ka lepo, nā mea pāʻani hou, a me ka pena hale kahiko. Minamina, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike, ʻono, a ʻaʻala kēpau.

I ka 2014, ua hoʻohālikelike nā ʻoihana olakino kokoke i ka hapaha biliona mau kānaka ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa i nā pae kēpau koko ʻona (ʻawahia).

Loaʻa ke kēpau i:

• Ua pena ʻia nā hale ma mua o ka makahiki 1978. ʻOiai ʻaʻole e ʻili ka pena, hiki i kahi pilikia. Weliweli loa ka pena kēpau ke holehole ʻia a one ʻia paha. Hoʻokuʻu kēia mau hana i ka lepo kēpau maikaʻi i ka lewa. ʻO nā pēpē a me nā keiki e noho ana i ka hale o mua o 1960 (ke loaʻa pinepine ke kēpau i ka pena) ka makaʻu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka lāʻau make kēpau. Hoʻopau pinepine nā keiki liʻiliʻi i nā ʻāpana pena a i ʻole ka lepo mai ka pena kēpau kēpau.
• Nā mea pāʻani a me nā lako hana i pena ʻia ma mua o 1976.
• Nā mea pāʻani a pena ʻia i hana ʻia ma waho o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
• Nā pōkā kēpau, nā mea lawaiʻa lawaiʻa, nā kaupaona pale.
• Paipu, paipu, a me nā faucets. Hiki ke loaʻa ke kēpau i ka wai inu i loko o nā home i loaʻa nā paipu e pili ana me ka solder kēpau. ʻOiai koi nā code hale hou i nā solder-lead solder, loaʻa mau ke kēpau i kekahi o nā faucets o kēia au.
• Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka lepo i nā makahiki he mau makahiki o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ke kaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​makahiki o ka pena ʻana o ka pena hale. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ke kēpau ma ka lepo kokoke i nā ala nui a me nā hale.
• ʻO nā leʻaleʻa e pili ana i ka soldering, ke aniani kīʻaha, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā aniani pālolo, a me nā kiʻi kēpau liʻiliʻi (e nānā mau i nā lepili).
• ʻO nā seta pena a nā keiki a me nā lako noʻeau (e nānā mau i nā lepili).
• Pewter, kekahi aniani, pālolo a i ʻole nā ​​aniani pālolo kīwī a me nā mea ʻai.
• ʻO nā paukū acid-lead, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini kaʻa.

Loaʻa i nā keiki ke kēpau i loko o ko lākou mau kino ke kau lākou i nā mea kēpau i loko o ko lākou waha, keu hoʻi inā lākou e ale i kēlā mau mea. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ka lāʻau ʻino kēpau ma ko lākou mau manamana lima mai ka hoʻopā ʻana i kahi mea alakaʻi lepo a ʻili paha, a laila e kau ana i ko lākou mau manamana lima i ko lākou waha a ʻai paha i ka meaʻai ma hope. Hiki i nā keiki ke hanu i ka nui o ke kēpau.

Nui a hewahewa nā hōʻailona o ka lāʻau make kēpau. Hiki i ke kēpau ke hoʻololi i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino. ʻO kahi mahele lāʻau kiʻekiʻe hoʻokahi o ke kēpau ke kumu i nā ʻōuli pilikia nui.

Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau no nā lāʻau make kēpau e kūkulu lohi i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. Kū kēia i ka hōʻike pinepine ʻana i nā kēpau kēpau liʻiliʻi. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻohe paha he hōʻailona maopopo. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻo nā pae haʻahaʻa o ke kēpau kēpau hiki ke hōʻeha i ka ulu noʻonoʻo o ke keiki. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pilikia olakino i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kēpau i ke koko.

ʻOi aku ka pōʻino o ke kēpau i nā keiki ma mua o nā mākua no ka mea hiki ke hoʻopili i nā aʻa a me nā lolo e ulu nei nā keiki. ʻO ke keiki ʻōpio, hiki i ke kēpau ʻino keu aku. ʻO nā keiki hānau ʻole ka mea nāwaliwali loa.

ʻO nā pilikia i hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia:

• Nā pilikia a me ke alo o ka naʻau
• Hewa ma ke kula
• Lohe hoʻolohe
• Poino hakuʻala
• IQ hōʻemi
• Hoʻonui lohi i ke kino

Hiki i nā ʻōuli o ka lāʻau make kēpau ke komo pū:

• ʻO ka ʻeha o ka ʻōpū a me ka cramping (ʻo ka maʻa mau ka hōʻailona mua o kahi kiʻekiʻe, lāʻau lāʻau make o ke kēpau kēpau)
• ʻAoʻao aggressive
• Anemia (helu ʻulaʻula koko ʻulaʻula haʻahaʻa)
• Konipōpō
• Ka hapai paʻakikī ʻana
• Hilikia hiamoe
• Poʻo poʻo poʻo
• Lohe hoʻolohe
• Huhū
• Lilo o nā mākau hoʻomohala mua (i nā keiki ʻōpio)
• Low makemake a me ka ikaika
• Hoʻoemi i nā manaʻo

ʻO nā pae kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke kumu o ka luaʻi, ke kahe ʻana o loko, ka hele wāwae ʻole, nāwaliwali o nā mākala, ka hopu ʻana, a me ke koma.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke alakaʻi me kēia mau hana.

• Inā manaʻo ʻoe he pena kēpau kāu i kou hale, e ʻimi i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hemo ʻana mai ka National Lead Information Center - www.epa.gov/lead ma (800) 424-5323.
• E mālama i kou home me he lepo ʻole lā ke hiki.
• E holoi i nā lima āpau ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana.
• Kiola i nā mea pāʻani i pena ʻia inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo inā he kēpau kēla ka pena.
• E hoʻokuʻu i ka wai piula no hoʻokahi minuke ma mua o ka inu ʻana a kuke ʻana paha me ia.
• Inā ua hoʻāʻo kou wai kiʻekiʻe i ke kēpau, e noʻonoʻo e kau i kahi hāmeʻa kānana kūpono a i ʻole hoʻololi i ka wai ʻōmole no ka inu a me ka kuke ʻana.
• Hōʻalo i nā ukana kēpau mai nā ʻāina ʻē a hiki i ka wā o ka pāpā ʻana i nā kini kēpau kēpau kēpau.
• Inā loaʻa i nā ipu waina i lawe ʻia i kahi wahī kēpau kēpau, holoi i ka palena a me ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻōmole me kahi kāwele i hoʻomaʻū ʻia me ka wai lemon, ka vīnega, a me ka waina ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
• Mai mālama i ka waina, nā ʻuhane, a me nā kākahu salakeke wīkī i loko o nā decanters aniani kēpau no nā wā lōʻihi, no ka mea, hiki i ke kēpau ke komo i loko o ka wai.

E hoʻolako i kēia mau ʻike i ke kōkua pilikia.

• ʻO ka makahiki o ke kanaka, kaupaona, a me ke kūlana
• Ka inoa o ka huahana a i ʻole ka mea āu i manaʻo ai i alakaʻi ʻia i loko
• ʻO ka lā / manawa ua ale ʻia a kēpau paha ke kēpau
• Pau ka nui a ale paha

Eia naʻe, mai hoʻopanee i ke kāhea ʻana i ke kōkua inā ʻaʻole loaʻa koke kēia ʻike.

Inā loaʻa kekahi mau ʻōuli ʻino i kekahi mai ke kū ʻana o ke kēpau (e like me ka luaʻi a me ka hopu ʻana) e kelepona koke iā 911

No nā ʻōuli ʻē aʻe āu e manaʻo ai ma muli o ka lāʻau make kēpau, e kāhea i kāu kikowaena lāʻau hoʻomake lāʻau kūloko.

Hiki ke kiʻi pololei ʻia kāu kikowaena lāʻau hoʻomake lāʻau kūloko ma ke kāhea ʻana i ka laina laina kōkua Poison Help manuahi (1-800-222-1222) mai nā wahi a pau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. E hoʻokuʻu kēia lālani lāhui iā ʻoe e kamaʻilio me nā loea i ka lāʻau make. E hāʻawi lākou iā ʻoe i nā ʻōkuhi ʻē aʻe.

He lawelawe manuahi kēia a pilikino. Hoʻohana nā kikowaena mālama lāʻau ʻona āpau i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia helu aupuni. E kāhea ʻoe inā he nīnau kāu e pili ana i ka lāʻau make a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ka lāʻau make. ʻAʻole pono ia e pilikia. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kāhea no nā kumu, 24 mau hola i ka lā, 7 mau lā o ka pule.

Koe i nā hihia koʻikoʻi kahi i kū ai kekahi i kahi mahele kiʻekiʻe o ke kēpau, ʻaʻole pono kahi huakaʻi i ka lumi pilikia. Kāhea aku i kāu lawelawe mālama ola a i ʻole ke keʻena o ke olakino lehulehu inā ʻoe e manaʻo he hiki ke alakaʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Hiki i kahi hoʻokolohua alakaʻi koko ke kōkua e ʻike inā pilikia paha. Ma mua o 10 mcg / dL (0.48 µmol / L) kahi hopohopo paʻa. Pono e kūkākūkā me nā kauka nā pae ma waena o 2 a me 10 mcg / dL (0.10 a me 0.48 µmol / L). I nā mokuʻāina he nui, koi ʻia ka loiloi ʻana i ke koko no nā keiki ʻōpio i ka makaʻu.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hoʻokolohua labe ʻē aʻe:

• Biopsy iwi ʻōiwi (hāpana o ka iwi iwi)
• Ka helu piha o ke koko (CBC) a me ka coagulation (hiki i ke koko ke kāpili) ke aʻo
• Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (ʻano protein / kēpau hui pū i nā ʻulaʻula koko) pae
• Pae kēpau
• X-ray o nā iwi lōʻihi a me ka ʻōpū

No nā keiki i kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ke koko o ke kēpau, ʻike i nā kumu waiwai āpau o ke kēpau kēpau a kāpae i ke keiki mai iā lākou. Pono paha ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke koko e pono ai.

ʻO Chelation therapy (nā mea hoʻopili e hoʻopaʻa i ke kēpau) kahi hana e hiki ai ke hemo i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kēpau i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.

I nā hihia kahi i ʻai ʻia e kekahi i ka lāʻau kalakeke kiʻekiʻe o ke kēpau i loko o kahi manawa pōkole, hiki ke hana ʻia nā ʻano mālama aʻe:

• Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻōpū (holoi ʻia) me ka hopena polyethylene glycol
• Gastric lavage (holoi i ka ʻōpū)

ʻO nā mākua i loaʻa nā pae alakaʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka ʻole o nā pilikia. I nā keiki, hiki i ka lāʻau make kēpau mālie ke hopena paʻa i ka nānā a me ka IQ.

ʻO ka poʻe me nā kiʻekiʻe kēpau kiʻekiʻe aʻe ka nui o ka pilikia o nā pilikia olakino lōʻihi. E ukali pono lākou.

Hiki ke loli nui i ko lākou aʻa a me nā mākala a ʻaʻole e hana hou e like me ka mea e pono ai. Hoʻopilikia ʻia paha nā ʻōnaehana o ke kino i nā kekelē like ʻole, e like me nā puʻupaʻa a me nā kīʻaha koko. ʻO ka poʻe e ola i nā pae kēpau ʻona e loaʻa paha ka ʻino mau o ka lolo. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā keiki i nā pilikia lōʻihi lōʻihi.

ʻO ke ola hou ʻana mai ka lāʻau make kēpau mau e lilo i mau mahina i mau makahiki.

Plumbism

Nā kikowaena no ka pūnaewele Disease Control a me Prevent. Kēpau. www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/default.htm. Hoʻohou ʻia ʻOkakopa 18, 2018. Loaʻa iā Ianuali 11, 2019.

ʻO Markowitz M. Ka lāʻau make. I: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, eds. ʻO Puka Textbook of Pediatrics ʻo Nelson. 21st ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: chap 739.

ʻO Theobald JL, Mycyk MB. ʻO nā hao a me nā hao hao kaumaha. I: Nā paia RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M, nā ʻaoʻao. ʻO Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Nā Manaʻo Manaʻo a me ka hana lapaʻau. 9th ed. Piladelapia, PA: Elsevier; 2018: chap 151.